The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 98, July 1994 - April, 1995 Page: 50
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Southwestern Historical Quarterly
32. This nation, known as Cumanche, always stays this side of the fron-
tier of the province of Nuevo Mexico, and thus it is appropriate to call
them Orientales.
33. In the northwestern territory, are the other Cumanches Occiden-
tales, who are known as the Yambericas. They are only differentiated
from the Orientales by the haircut. All speak the same language, and
thus they consider themselves brothers and comrades, and they help
each other in their wars whenever necessary. We also found that they are
twice as numerous as the Orientales and that about 150 leagues48 sepa-
rate the two.
34. The Cumanches Orientales have as friends the Tavoayaces and
Guachitas people, and they are accustomed to be friends also with the
Taguacanes, Iscanis, and Flechazos, but not so much as with the former.
Thus, they maintain much trade in exchange for salt, which they lack,
for which reason the Cumanches frequently come to get it, and, in re-
turn, give them whatever they have. They are great enemies of the
Apaches, Lipanes, and the Guazas, who steal many horses from them.
35. The arms that they use are arrows, lances,49 and some guns, for
which the Tavoayaces and Guachitas provide them appropriate ammuni-
tion through their barter. The Yambericas also supply them from that
which they are furnished by the nations named the Canses,o5 Guahes,"'
and Guitaboiratas,52 who are located in the north and who are supplied
by the traders who come from Nueva Orleans and Ylioneses, and who
enter among them via the Rio del Misuri.
48 About 390 miles, since the league is usually deemed to have been 2.6 miles m the northern
provinces of New Spainm.
'4' chuzos.
" Vial had known Canses [Kansas] Indians during his years as a trader among tribes of the
Missouri and Arkansas River basins, and would experience a very threatening encounter with
some of them in his later role as an explorer in the service of Spain. See Pedro Vial's diary of his
journey from Santa Fe to St. Louis, May 21 to Oct. 3, 1792, in Loomis and Nasatir, Pedro Vial,
376-379
" This probably refers to the Iowas, known to the French as Ayu6s, who were important mid-
dlemen in the westward movement of English and Anglo-American trade goods. See Elizabeth A.
H. John (ed.), John Wheat (trans.), Views from the Apache Frontier: Report on the Northern Provinces of
New Spain byJosd Cortis, Lieutenant in the Royal Corps of Engineers, 1799 (Norman: University of Ok-
lahoma Press, 1989), 97.
52 Guitaboiratas is a rendition of the Cheyenne name for the Kiowas (from Dakota "Island
Butte People"), by which Vial would have known them in the Missouri basin trade area. It is list-
ed as Wetapahato (numerous variations) in James Mooney, Calendar Hstory of the Kowa Indians
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979), 149-150. The editor is indebted to
Professor Daniel Gelo for this information. Now it becomes clear that Kiowas were trading part-
ners rather than enemies of Comanches before pressures from Sioux and Anglo-Americans be-
gan driving the Kiowas and their associates towards the Spanish frontier in the 179os. Their
consequent intrusions into northern Comanche ranges in the Arkansas basin sparked bitter in-
tertribal clashes for perhaps a decade, until recognition of their mutual interests led Kiowas and
Comanches to form an enduring alliance in 18o6. See Elizabeth A. H. John, "An Earlier Chapter
of Kiowa History," New Mexico Histonrcal Review, LX (Oct., 1985), 379-397.July
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Texas State Historical Association. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 98, July 1994 - April, 1995, periodical, 1995; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101216/m1/78/: accessed April 23, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association.