Texas Almanac, 1939-1940 Page: 75
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HISTORY OF TEXAS.
ate. He resigned office to take his seat train, in
in the Senate Dec. 1, 1876. on the tr
End of the Indians in Texas. had trave
The first year of Coke's administra- Sherma
tion marked the practical passing of the Fort Sill
wild Indian from the Texas scene. After Tree, chi
Texas had become a state in 1845 the with the
United States had established a line of Jacksboro
camps and forts across the border from authoritie
the Red to the Rio Grande, including trying to
such establishments as Fort McIntosh, Tree were
Fort Clark, Fort McKavett, Fort Phan- penalty,
tom Hill, Fort Griffin and Fort Bel- Governor
knap, which, in addition to Texas state the Indiar
efforts, had given a measure of protec- penitentia
tion. conditione
However, the problem of establishing quently S;
Indian reservations for settling the rem- turned to
nants of the Texas tribes was difficult committed
because the United States had no land in Finally
Texas, all public domain having been re- United StE
tained by the state in the Treaty of An- round up
nexation. In 1852, however, the State as and re
Legislature authorized the setting aside tory reser
of land for two reservations in the Young gressive
Territory. One of these consisted of 37,- Mackenzie
000 acres and was near Fort Belknap on body of t
the main fork of the Brazos (near pres- the juncti
ent Graham, Texas). A reservation Canyons
somewhat smaller was established on stampeded
the Clear Fork of the Brazos, about This camp
forty miles above. Comanches were year of Co
gathered on the latter, while the larger end of In
reservation was allotted to the Tonka- cept some
was, Delawares, Caddoes and other tribes. can borde
Some success was had with this venture, Coke w
but trouble arose between the Indians Hubbard (
and the white settlers and the reserva- by virtue
tions were abandoned, the Indians being Governor.
transferred across the Red River. fense, reo
The frontier was pushed rapidly west- tem, supp
ward during the decade 1850 to 1860, but ther redu
the opening of the conflict between the achieveme
North and the South in 1860 had with- tion.
drawn military protection. Many mur- The adi
derous raids had been made by the In- erts (Jan.
dians during the Civil War years and the gone dowr
confusion attending Reconstruction ad- go policy
ministration after the war prevented out, publi
great improvement of the situation. Par- duced. T
ticularly during the years 1865 and 1866 marked a
was the frontier terrorized. An act wa
In 1868 General Sheridan had suc- university
ceeded in concentrating many of the Co- tional ma
manches, Kiowas and Apaches at the and Prair
Fort Sill reservation, but the Indians white and
continued to make raids into Texas from were estal
the reservation. Finally, in 1871, in re- The ads
sponse to appeals from the frontier, Gen. land cove:
William Tecumseh Sherman had visited 1883, to Jz
Texas, marching with a small detach- terized by
ment from San Antonio along the line of educationa
western posts to Fort Belknap, appar- sity of Te
ently without realizing there was great was during
danger of attack. At Fort Griffin a fence-cutti
delegation of citizens from Jack, Parker climax. L
and adjacent counties had assembled to small trac
appeal for aid. General Sherman seems off from
to have been impressed, too, by a raid by cutting w
Comanches and Kiowas on a wagon small landwhich the drivers were killed,
ail which the army expedition
led a few days previously.
n ordered an investigation at
and Satank, Santanta and Big
eftains, were arrested, charged
wagon train raid and ordered to
, Texas, for trial before civil
s. Satank was killed en route
escape, but Santanta and Big
e convicted and given the death
which was later commuted by
Davis to life imprisonment and
is were confined at Huntsville
ry. They were released in 1873
d on good behavior. Subse-
antanta was rearrested and re-
the penitentiary, where he
suicide in 1876.
Gen. R. S. Mackenzie of the
ates Army was commissioned to
the Indians of Northwest Tex-
turn them to the Indian Terri-
vations. This he did in an ag-
campaign which ended when
's forces trapped the main
he Comanches and Kiowas at
on of the Tule and Palo Duro
after their horses had been
by a surprise night attack.
aign which ended in 1874, first
ke's administration, marked the
Ldian hostilities in Texas, ex-
minor incidents on the Mexi-
r and in the Big Bend.
as succeeded by Richard B.
(Dec. 1, 1876, to Jan. 21, 1879)
of his position as Lieutenant
Strengthened border de-
rganization of the penal sys-
ression of land frauds and fur-
ction of the State debt were
nts of Hubbard's administra-
ministration of Oran M. Rob-
21, 1879, to Jan. 16, 1883) has
n in history for the pay-as-you-
by which a deficit was wiped
c debt lowered and taxes re-
he two terms of Roberts were
lso for educational legislation.
as passed providing for a state
in compliance with constitu-
ndate, and the Sam EHouston
ie View Normal Schools, for
Negro students, respectively,
blished.
ministration of Gov. John Ire-
red the two terms (Jan. 16,
an. 18, 1887), and wats charac-
continued improvement of the
al system. In 1883 the: Univer-
xas was opened at Austin. It
g this administration That the
ng in West Texas reached its
arge landowners had fenced in
cts, frequently cutting owners
public highways. The fence-
ar that was waged by the
Owners caused Governor Ire-
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Texas Almanac, 1939-1940, book, 1939; Dallas, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth117163/m1/77/?rotate=90: accessed April 19, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association.