Amarillo Sunday News-Globe (Amarillo, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 33, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 14, 1938 Page: 60 of 264
two hundred sixty four pages : ill. ; page 23 x 18 in.View a full description of this newspaper.
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
PAGE FOTTR—SECTION B
AMARltiLO 8TTNDAY NEWS AND GLOBE. AMARILLO, TEXAS
OOLDEN ANNIVERSARY EDITION. 193 ,
THE GRANDEE AND THE INDIAN
(Continued From Page Two)
Spain that look better than this,"
muttered one bearded horseman.
• • •
The Spaniards had little time lor
recrimination, however, "became
cbvlous, as figures appeared c-n the
roof-tops and outside the crooke^
entrance to the village, that trouble
was brewing. There was no sign of
omPn, children or oW "fn; !
scantily-clad warriors weie in e
dence. Evidently the non-combat
unts had been removed t° ot""
tillages, while the fighters had con-
gregated in the most stiongly forti
J led of the towns.
A group of sullen Indians emerged
from the village. Slowly they ap-
rroached. They were joined by oth
era. untii a sizeable company pre-
sented Itself. Coronado, with tne
friars h group of Mexican Indians
end a half dozen trusted horesmen
Tanking him, rode forward.
"In the name of <-tod and King
Philip, i demand the surrender of
1his town." cried the general. The
natives did not move. Coronado
called his loyal Indians foiwaid.
md had them repeat the demand,
fctill ths men of Cibola stood silen
and motionless. Impatiently Coro-
laid plans to see that more Chris-
tians should die before they con-
quered the tribes of which he, him-
self, was self-appointed savior. He
would lead them out upon the vast
plains where there was no food, no
water; and while it was risky for
the Turk, himself, it would mean
the end of this threat to the se-
curity of his people.
So the army of Spain set out
from Cicuye early in June, with the
Turk trudging along behind the
plumed general who, with his
retinue, rode at the head of the
procession. With commendable cau-
tion Coronado had obtained an-
otlifT guide from the elders of
Cicuye, an Indian named Zabe who
represented himself as a native of
Qutvira. Gold? Silver? Most cer-
tainly. Perhaps not a.s much as
the Turk had said, but it was there
—a fortune for every grandee.
The Turk led them southwest-
ward along the Pecos River until,
after four days, they had to pause
to build a bridge across the stream
so they could bear to the east to-
ward Quivira. This bit of engi-
neering consumed four more days.
The procession crossed the Pecos
and the next day began the grad-
ered, stampeded toward the stream
bed and fell to their deaths In the
ravine, "so many . . . that they filled
it up, and the rest went a«ross on
top of them." The Spaniards became
caught in the stampede, and three
of their horses plunged to death
among the writhing buffalo.
Streams being infrequent, the
water supply of the army dwindled.
Except for buffalo meat, the food
was running low. Coronado grew
increasingly suspicious and impa-
tient.
"How much farther?" he demand-
ed of the Turk.
"Mas alia," replied the Indian.
"Haya, the first village of the Teyas,
should be only two days' march
now."
* • *
So Coronado sent Captain Diego
Lopez with ten men and an Indian
guide forward with light equipment
to find the village and report back
to the army. But the good captain
and his men became last on the
prairie, and when they were finally
found on the banks of a creek by
Indians from the expedition search-
ing for fruit, they brought word
they had seen nothing but "cows"
and "sky
The general then called 011 another
ual climb up the escarpment onto
nnrio'wheeled and started back to- the Llano Estacado, or Staked
ward his troops. Plains, at the point where this
Suddenly the Indians went into vast area of tableland juts farthest
Action bending up a terrorizing war westward into New Mexico. The
crv A shower of arrows whirred Turk knew the country intimately
toward the Spaniards. and it was his purpose to lead the
At a sign from Coronado the Spaniards out onto the waterless
horsemen themselves set up a cry— plains a.s soon a.s possible.
the' fam.'d Santiago, an invocation Soon the land smoothed out he-
addressed to St. James before rid- fore them—a vast, level sea of
ine into battle' against the infidels, grass. And here the gpaniarris saw j guide *the army there?"The""span-
r.nd chanted in frenzy something their fu'st buffalo. At first only
in the manner of a college yell a few scattered herds grazed in the
Spurring their horses forward, the ; distance, but -they became thicker
Spaniards charged with Coronado
there occurred the first serious
breach of discipline among his
forces.
The Teyas had no stomach for
warfare, and like eager children they
offered gifts to the Spaniards. A
huge pile of buffalo robes was the
principal peace offering. Coronado
ordered guards about the pile until
he should devise some means of di-
viding the robes among his follow-
ers. Now Coronado, ever the politi-
cian, called half a dozen of his fa-
vorites to hts tent and told them to
go qi^etly and select the best robes
for themselves before the army was
turned loose. But a.s they were sort-
ing through the pile of hides the
soldiers crowded close and saw what
was going on. With a shout they
dived in, pushed Coronados aides
aside, and in five minutes the robes
were pone. Still the politician, Coro-
nado decided to overlook the inci-
dent.
The next few days were spent rest-
ing and in exploring the canyon. A
scouting party went north, and found
a series of settlements on the floor
of the main Palo Duro, more ex-
tensve than those in the Tule.
Although peaceful and intelligent,
the Teyas had net reached the de-
gree of civilization found at Tiguez.
Rather, it is likely that they had
fallen from a higher degree of cul-
trusted lieutenant, our friend Don ture, as there were evidences of a
Rodrigo Maldonado, to take his
company and march eastward until
he found something to report. Mal-
donado marked his route with piles
of stones and buffalo chips, and
when, after four days, he found
himself suddenly on the Tule Can-
yon, the southern branch of the
Palo Duro, he sent, scouts back to
vanished civilization much like that
of New Mexico throughout the terri-
tory traversed by Coronado.
It is not too fantastic to suppose
that the stories of Quivira were bas-
ed on legends handed down among
the Indians from the dim past when
this higher culture flourished on the
Plains and in the breaks and can-
yons of the Texas Panhandle.
ir the lead. The Indians, no doubt
believing that these bearded and
armored beings astride strange
beasts came direct from the land
c devils, fled. Some of (hem
reached the village safely. Others,
screaming imprecations, were cut
until the men of Spain marveled
at the great numbers of these
huge, shaggy "cows," unlike any-
thing they had seen before. After
two days at the edge of the plains,
the Turk led them to a settlement
of Arab-like Indians, called Quer-
echos, who lived in buffalo-skin
The buffalo stampeded into the ravine
down or run through with Spanish tents, and moved from place to
lances. place, savage dogs hauling their
The narrow entrance was barred, belongings lashed to dragging poles
qnd th<* Spaniards found themselves —the familiar travois of the plains
the targets for arrows and rocks 1 Indians. The wily Turk got. to the
n om the roof-tops. They withdrew village first, and by the time Ooro-
H short distance, and Coronado or- 1 nado came up the natives had been
dered the horsemen to surround the well-coached. Where was Quivira?
village while he and a few foot "Mas alia"—farther ahead — they
soldiers stormed the entrance. Coro- answered in clearly-understood sign
rado's gilt armor and waving plume language. Were gold and silver to
made him a particularly- good tar- be found there? To be sure—and
get, and as he approached stones there was a wide river with canocs
and arrows rained upon him. Two
of his Uusted aides, Don Garcia
Lopez de Cardenas and Hernando
de Alvarado—both of whom we have
met before—came to his rescue and
dragged him out of range. The gen-
eral's helmet was dented and he
was stunned, although an arrow
wound in. the foot was tha only in-
jury sustained.
After an hour's furious fighting.
Jn which a Spaniard was wounded
seriously and three horses were
killed, the invaders entered the vil-
lage. Two hundred sullen Indians
laid down their arms. Coronado
dispersed them, telling them as well
as he could by sign language and
halting interpretation through In-
dian guides, that he would leave
them in peace if they would retire
to the other villages.
They found food in Cibola—beans
and corn and squash. They found
cotton garments, and robes of deer-
skin and sewed rabbit skins. There
was some turquoise, and there were
flint knives and spear heads. But
there was no gold, no silver.
Such was the promised land of
Black Stephen, the Seven Cities of
Cibola.
Coronado made Cibola his head-,,,, , L1 .,
quarters for the next two months i hkely that a snatch-like course add-
at the captured village, which he Pcl many a weary mile to tne log
. , r,.. . . .. . . j r.f 1 hp innmpv nn 1 v on nrrosinna
r.'-JA.:-
on it. The Turk smiled. The Quer-
echo spokesmen were doing all
right-
So Coronado made camp, and as
the army bore eastward the next
morning the Querechos, driving
their yapping dogs before them,
moved away in another direction.
♦ • •
Westward the Spaniards marched
across the monotonous prairie, con-
tinuing to marvel at this vast, un-
broken expanse of grass.
"The country is like a bowl, so
that when a man sits down the
horizon surrounds him at a dis-
Teyas were not farmers, as
were the natives of Cibola, Tiguez
and Cicuye. Rather they were hunt-
ers, living on raw or half-cooked
meat and the fruits that abounded in
the canyon. Plums, berries and
grapes were plentiful. They lived, for
the main part, in buffalo-hide tents,
and moved their homes from place
to place. Like the Querechos. they
used dogs as pack animals. They
were skillful hunters with bow and
arrow, and could skin and cut up a
buffalo with amazing speed. They
used flint knives with cedar hafts
for skinning. Their clothing was en-
tirely of skins, well-tanned deer and
rabbit. The women wore moccasins,
short dresses and cloaks of skin. The
men were clothed scantily on hunt-
ing expeditions, but had more elab-
orate cloaks and robes for other oc-
iards were awe-struck at the sud- | casions. They lived as families, and
denness with which the beautiful
\
gorge opened itself before them, a
mighty gash across the floor of the
Plains. It was, wrote Casteneda. "a
large ravine, like those of Colina"
back in New Spain.
They found a thriving settlement
had a simple religion.
It was while the army was camp-
ed in the canyons that the Span-
iards were treated to one of the
Panhandle's most awe-inspiring and
destructive displays of nature — a
June hailstorm. It was early eve-
in the canyon, a tribe of Indians ! ning °f a sultry day. Coppery clouds
c tiled Teyas. They were much like j hung low. The hot southwest wind
the Querechos, whom they had en-
countered as they climbed onto the
Staked Plains three weeks earlier.
The army was impatiently waiting
when Maldonado and his scouts ar-
rived to guide them to the canyon,
tance of a musket shot," wrote xhe howling of coyotes at ni^ht, the
Casteneda, Corodano's chief secre-
tary and historian.
Coronado probably suspected that
the Turk was taking a rather round-
about route to Quivira, and the
chances are he was right. It is
slinking forms of the lobo wolves
that infested the plains, and the
never-ending herds of buffalo—
sights and sounds that at first in-
trigued them—now frayed the
nerves of the Spaniards. The season
of winds was nearly over, but there
was enough of it to make some of
had died into an ominous calm.
Suddenly a fresh breeze blew into
the gorge from the east. Flurries of
dust, then big drops of rain spat-
tering on the sod. Suddenly it came
— slanting rain that gradually grew
white with hail. Huge stones rat-
tled down—"as large as bowls"—
battering down the tents of Indian
and Spaniard alike, stampeding
horses, driving soldiers and natives
to the protection of rocks and ledges
at the base of the canyon walls.
It must have been an unforget-
table experience for the armored
Teya country. Ysopete, for some
reasons, had not entered into the
Turk's game. Rather he sought to
expose his countryman as a liar
and a charlatan. During the march
from Cicuye to the Palo Duro
Ysopete, who had joined the army
as a guide, failed to get the ear of
the officers. Apparently he let fall
a remark here and there that the
Turk was handling the truth rather
carelessly. But the Spaniards
wanted to believe the 1\irk. There
was no use in listening to an In-
dian who could promise nothing but
naked savages and mud huts at
Quivira.
But in the Teya settlement Coro-
nado began to hear stories of
Quivira that failed to fit the Turk's
claims. And he probably noticed
the Turk passing the word along
among the Teyas to keep up the
deception. So without further cere-
mony he clapped the Turk into the
guard tent again and called in a
couple of Teya guides he knew had
not yet been approached,
"How about this Quivira?" he
asked them. "What is it, and where
is it?"
Quivira was far to the north,
they told him. There were no
decent trails to follow. No, there
were no huge river canoes, but a
sandy river flowing through rough
country. Gold and silver? Not that
they knew of.
The general was considerably
shaken. Here he was, hundreds of
leagues from New Spain on a quest
for gold and glory, and the chances
were he would find neither.
• • •
Coronado, now virtually certain
that Quivira was a myth, still
hoped against hope. He called in
the Turk once more.
"Dog, you lied!" he thundered at
the cowering Indian.
"I swear it's true!" the native
stammered in crude Spanish.
"Ysopete lies. He hates me. I
swear there is gold in Quivira!"
'•Take him away." Coronado was
suddenly tired. He couldn't under-
stand thi? Indian—or any of them,
for that matter. An Indian to
Coronado was an infidel subject to
conversion by the priests and to ex-
ploitation by the army. He was a
man who could be paid with baubles
to guide the army, to guard the
horses, to procure food in strange
lands. That an Indian would de-
liberately risk his life to lure a
mighty expedition representing God
and the king to destruction on the
basis of false stories of fabulous
cities was beyond the general's
understanding. Did the Turk lie
' because he took a fiendish delight
in deceiving these powerful white
men who thought the} were so
superior? Did he deliberately lead
them into an unfriendly land to
destroy them,'and remove a threat
to the existence of his own people?
Or was there—could there be some
basis for his stories of gold in
Quivira ?
"Arellano! Bring me Arellano!"
shouted the general.
To his trusted captain Coronado
outlined his plan.
"I am going to take .10 horsemen,
a few Indians and Father Juan,
if he wants to go, and push on
north to sec what we ran find. You,
my friend, will take the army and
lead them back to Tiguez and wait
for me there."
"But general—"
"I'm sorry, Arellano, but that is
the only way. There is no corn
among the Teyas, and the little
fruit we could take with us will soon
give out on these plains. There
is too little watsr, and nothing to
eat but meat from the cows. It
would be foolhardy for the whole
army to go further. We know what
is behind us. Only God knows
what is before. I am bound to go
on to Quivira, but I decline to let
the army share the risk,"
The army heard the news and
shouted its disfavor. Some of the
men sought further adventure.
Others undoubtedly feared that if
gold were found, they would not
be there to share it. A few pro-
fessed they wanted to stay at Cor-
onado's side and die with him in
the strange land beyond. But Cor-
onado was firm. He compromised
only by promising to send mes-
sengers back to the camp after a
week with news of his progress
and, if things looked propitious,
with orders to turn and wollow him
instead of returning to Tiguez.
The general then selected half a
dozen Teya guides and put them in
charge of Ysopete. The Turk was
placed in chains and, with his
guards, brought up the rear of the
column.
Thus Coronado, with 30 picked
horsemen, a handful of foot-sol-
diers, the Indian guides, and Fa-
ther Juan Padilla, set out from
Palo Duro Canyon. They picked
their way laboriously up the side of
the rocky ravine and found them-
selves again facing the limitless
prairie, the vast buffalo range of
the Panhandle.
Coronado ran into trouble imme-
diately. His Teya guides deserted
i him. and he found himself wan-
] dering aimlessly on the uncharted
prairie. So he made camp and
sent his army-master, Diego Lopez,
j h-ek to fie canyon for more guides.
i Although the impatient army, wait-
ing only two or three days, had
sent, two special messengers to Cor-
onado on fast horses to renew their
petition for a chance to follow him
to Quivira. Lopez brought orders
j for Arellano to start back to
j Tiguez with the army. The Teyas,
no doubt expressing surprise and
! regret at the desertion of the
\ guides cheerfully provided another
half-dozen Indians, and Lopez rode
off with them to the camp of the
general. Thus the expedition wast-
ed perhaps a full week at the stait
ironing out the guide situation.
The army, still refusing to be-
lieve that Coronado would not send
for them, spent the next fortnight
in the canyon. The prairies were
black with buffalo, and the sol-
diers amused themselves and helped
to provision the army for its long
march as well, by hunting the ani-
mals. They killed at least 500 bulls
during the two weeks, and the
Spaniards, w'ith the help of the
more adept Indians, "jerked" the
meat—cut it into thin strips and
dried it in the sun—for the army's
commissary. The Spaniards had
learned a gastronomic trick from
the Teyas. The Indians sun-dried
buffalo meat in strips, then ground
it. A handful of the meat dust,
tossed into boiling writer, swelled
and thickened into a tasty puree
that was a welcome change from
the stringy broiled strips of Jerked
buffalo steak.
The soldiers roamed far and wide,
and more than one failed to find
bis way back to the canyon until h®
had wandeied sometimes foi days.
Every night during those two weeks
fires were built on the rim of the
canyon, guns were fired, trumpets
were blown and drums were beaten
to guide the last Spaniards home
A specim technique was developed
by the hunters. They would start
out in the morning over the un-
broken piains, noting their direction
ty the rising sun. After the day's
kill they would recline beside the
dead buffalo until the sun began to
set so ..hey could orient themselves
and return the way they came.
After a fortnight, with no further
word from Coronado, Arellano led
the army out of the canyon, and
with Teya guides In the van started
hack to the Pecos. Suffice It here to
be said tnat the army found its wav
naek to the bridge across the river
r,elow Cicuye, and after resting in
the village above made its way
.<crass the valley of Tiguez
The Spaniards made the journey
back more quickly, in spite of fre-
quent JUips for buffalo hunting. The
Teya guides knew the country inti-
mately, and kept a true course each
day by shooting one arrow after
another before them in a straight
line along the route they had
cauged by the rising sun.
• * *
In the meantime Coronado was
pushing northward toward Quivira
Although Ysopete, the enemy of the
I Turk, was a. native of Quivira, he
jv.as not a trained plainsman. His
intentions were good, but there Is
evidence that the company did con-
siderable aimless wandc Ingon
their jourr.ty to the villages along
the Cani.dian River. Water was the
major problem, and often they made
camp anil sent scouting parties out
tc locate creeks so that the entire
company would not perish of thirst
Ir, this semi-desert of short buffalo
craat. ftiero was nothing to cat but
rr,ca?.. Tl horsrs had slim grazing
,r ths wake of the buffalo hordes.
Thus lit was that, with a week
wasted in procuring new guides,
with ft anient, stops necessary for
water reconnaissance and buffalo
minting, and with consideiable de-
viation from the course, the com-
1 any spent more than a month on
u.e jouiriey from the camp in the
Palo Duro to the Canadian River,
probably in Hutchinson Cdunty. As
the crow flies, the distance is little
more than 75 miles. To Coronado It
ieemed like many hundred.
The -juide Ysopete was on fa-
miliar ground now. He told Coro-
nado that this was the river of
which he had .spoken, but that they
nad reached It several leagues below
the sett'ements. So the expedition
bore no; thweastward along the
river, making slow progress through
tne rough breaks. In three days n
uuffalo hunting party of painted
Indians was sighted in the distance,
but it wa.-, perhaps three days later
before the first village was reached.
These armored men astride beasts
the like ol which never before had
been seen in the country brought
shouts of fright from the natives.
Many seized their women and chil-
| dren and fled toward the river. But
(Continued On Page Six)
USED
ALL MAKES
CARS
ALL MODELS
GOOD CARS AT FAIR
PRICES A R E BETTER
THAN FAIR CARS AT
BARGAIN PRICES.
EASY TERMS
LIBERAL TRADES
'EIGHT YEARS IN AMARILLO"
DOC CRANE
000 TAYLOR
PHONE 2-2672
named Granada. The Indians called of the journey; only an occasional t.he less hardy wondpr why they left soldiers—and many of them were
it Hawikuh. From here he led j stream and the familiar saucer- tlieir estates in sunny Mexico.
scouting parties to the Indian ^ke PI'®irie which dot the But the magic of the prairie nignuo i -
stronghold on Thunder Mountain.: south Plains of lexas, broke tne compeusated for the hot and dusty stones bouncing from the steel ar-
abroad that evening dressed in their
But the magic of the prairie nights | clanking suits. Mammoth hail
From here he sent Alvarado east-
ward to explore the Tiguez country.
From here he led his company past
Acoma. the "cit.y in the sky," a vil-
lage of warriors atop an all but in-
accessible rock, on his way to
Tiguez.
Here it was the army Joined Cor-
onado's rear guard in September
after the general had proceeded to
Tiguez to arrange winter quarters.
And it was from Cibola that the
army marched to Tiguez just in
time to take part in the memorable
winter siege there.
And now, in the spring of 1541,
Coronado and his army had
marched across the valley of the
Rio Grande to the Pecos, where he
established a base camp outside the
village of Cicuye. It is here that
we left the general plotting his
course to Quivira. the land of wide
rivers where golden bells tinkled in
the sun—the homeland of the Turk.
Ill
It was spring along the Pecos.
The heavy snows of the winter had
melted .and patches of brilliant
green glistened in the foothills he-
low the somber black pines. The
meadows were lush, the deer were
thick, the water ran clear in the
river. The hearts of Coronado's
men were high. The disappoint-
ments of Cibola were behind them,
the glories of Quivira ahead.
The general gathered his army at
Cicuye during the latter part of
May, 1541. A thousand horsemen
and some 250 foot soldiers, many of
them loyal Indians from New Spain,
made up the force. Friars, mule-
teers tr> handle the pack animals
and herd the extra horse', personal
servants of the officers, native camp
followers and others added another
hundred to the brave procession.
Excitement was high among the
bearded grandees, although Coro-
nado sensed the barest hint of sus-
picion in his ranks. The hardened,
inveterate adventurers w~ere eager
to push on Just to see what they
should see. The more credulous
were wishfully certain that the
Turk's story of Quivira was true.
But a whispered rumor, started by
the man who guarded the Turk
during the siege of Tiguez, planted
the seed of dnubt among the su-
perstitions. The Turk, reported
Cervantes, the guard, was riiscov- |
ered one night talking with the
devil in a pitcher of water! He
knew it was so, he said, because he
had discovered that the Indian had
learned without being told how the
Spaniards were faring in the siege.
"Five Christians are dead, including
a captain," the Turk said! It wai
so. yet the Turk had talked to no
one. And when Cervantes found
him mumbling into the pitcher one
night, he knew it was the devil with
whom the savage conversed.
Whether the devil or someone
else told him about th/> dead Chris-
tians, there was no doubt that the ,
Turk exulted in secret. And as he
etjiked in his tent, a prisoner, he
i
expanse.
,, ., . , , , ., da vs. The sky was like a star-stud-
Along the infrequent streams lie ded bowl down on the limitless
Spaniards found trees, but for the fl t , ri flnd a , „
most part th*y rode for days uncer- through thp/ grass.
tain of their direction, without a j n * emotions that
landmark to guide them More than th , .
one soldier became lost from the 1 ■
mor must have created a din awe-
inspiring to the men within.
At this stage of the expedition
another Indian enters the picture
along with the Turk. His namp
was Ysope'e. and he was a native
upon the canyon. Coronado led them j of Quivira, which he claimed was
SE IT" l"'"" - "" "°r"' °1""
he could mark his way.
The buffalo grew thicker and the
jackrabbits bolder as the army
moved across the lower Panhandle.
The soldiers, weary of endless
marching toward a flat and dreary
horizon, competed for honors in
killing both the buffalo and rabbits.
They ran the buffalo through with
lances or shot them with muskets.
The rabbits they ran down on their
horses, and speared with their
lances.
. At one point, perhaps on Tule
Creek, an advance guard galloped
into a herd of buffalo and killed a
dozen bulls. The crazed animals,
bellowing with .shaggy heads low-
CITY REAL ESTATE
and
PROPERTY MANAGEMENT
Roy M. Britain
OLIVER-EAKLE BUILDING
Amarillo's Druggist Since 1909
We feel proud of our twenty-
nine year record—over 250,000
prescriptions accurately c o m-
pounded. Some are now being
refilled thatwere prescribed twen-
ty years ago. We still are doing
business with many of the same
customers who started with us in
1909.
A. S. DICKSON
DICKSON DRUG CO.
821 POLK ST. - AMARILLO - PHONE 7227
UP-TO-DATE LUNCH AND FOUNTAIN SERVICE IN CONNECTION
MIXED FEEDS
/
Get n&Uutii
HARDEMAN-KING CO.
"MILLERS OF MERIT"
AMARILLO, TEXAS
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
Amarillo Sunday News-Globe (Amarillo, Tex.), Vol. 13, No. 33, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 14, 1938, newspaper, August 14, 1938; Amarillo, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth299921/m1/60/: accessed April 19, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Hutchinson County Library, Borger Branch.