The Daily Leader (Orange, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 65, Ed. 1 Saturday, May 23, 1908 Page: 3 of 10
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BY DUBIOUS MEANS
a
BUYERS OF GOODS FORCED TO
PAY’ EXORBITANT PRICES. *
SOME COMMON GRAFTS
.t; Alleged Wholesale Houses Growing
Rich Through Trade Secured by
Agents Who Work in the
Rural Districts.
It Is the desire to get bargains, to
tray something at prices so low as will
“save dealers’ profits," that costs many
residents of rural communities vast
> amounts of money. It Is the seduc-
& tlve argument held out by certain
; classes of houses that seek to do busi-
ness through the mails, that the local
dealers qre charging tot) much for
their goods, and that it ip fair for the
consumers to save their dealers’
profits tSfi-mselves, that causes many
| to gain experience that Is costly.
For many years past traveling
| agents have been numerous In agri-
I cultural sections soliciting orders for
' goods among the farmers. This class
f of agents Is known as boxcar men.
| They enter a neighborhood, and aim
f to sell sufficient goods so that a car
load can be shipped to the nearest sta-
tion and distributed The wava of
• these agents are much like the “heath-
en Chinee’’—’’ways that are dark and
tricks that are vain." Hut. neverthe-
less, they reap rich rewards, or they
would quit the business.
it should be known to every Intelli-
gent person that all classes of goods
have a real value. These values are
based upon conditions The law of
supply and demand has not all to do
with fixing prices. To concisely sum
up fhe factors of cost of a manufac-
tured article there are three principal
elements, viz : The cost of the raw
material, the expense of manufacture
and the expense of distribution. From
the producer of the raw material to
the consumer, a!! interested in the
transactions are entitled to equitable
compensation The farmer, the grow-
er of oats (tells his oats to the mill op-
erator The oat* i» manufactured j
Into oat meal, or breakfast food. The
wholesale and retail dealers are era
ployed to distribute it The wholesale
dealer ts nothing more than a ware
houseman, and hi* compensation Is for
•forage, and for costs of handling, and
the guaranteeing to the manufacturer
the cost of the goods sold. He receives
u^niy a small margin of profit
D. at the local depot. He waits In vain for
the cratea, the egg cases, etc., prom-
ised to be sent so he can pack his
eggs, if he falls to take the goods
the legal end of the company comes
Into play, and rather than have trou-
ble, the gullible farmer pays dearly
for his supplies.
He remembers the deal. He la de-
termined to not be again caught in a
Similar trap. A few months later an-
other agent appears. He promises
to sell a farm wagon, something
else, perhaps, that the farmer nekd.*.,
at a price so low that the farmer feels
friendly. He relates how he was done
up by the former agent. Then the
traveler burns loose his vials of wrath.
He accuses the concern represented
by the first agent as a robbing outfit,
and one that should be put out of
business. He gets an order, but the
.farmer does not understand that the
goods come from the same concern that
the other agent represented. That
only a different name was used, and
the,, farther Is on their regular list of
"suckers." The only safe way for
the consumer to do Is to patronize
home concerns. His homo merchants
are Interested in being fair and square.
They know that they must deal hon-
estly or they will lose customers.
Their percentage of profit Is far less
than that made by the boxcar con-
cern. Then, "again, the principle of
sending money from the neighborhood
where it Is earned Is all wrong.* It Is
against the Interests of the consumers
of every class and kind. A lively
home town always affords the best
market. There is a saving In freight
rates and commissions to middlemen.
D. M. CAKR
FOR SPRING AND SUMMER TRADE
Right Kind of Advertising Bring*
tha Customers and Builds Up
Business.
Merchants who get out and present
their lines In the right way are going,
to capture the trad** Questions that
the retailers should ask themselves,
ar**:( What am I doing in the way of
advertising? Have 1 the right kind
of space In my home paj>er? Have 1
the proper style of copy? Have I
spoken to the printer about getting
up the advertisement tastefully and
with a border, etc., and In the right
kind of type?
Spring goods should fie in show win-
dows now' and much of al| that 1*
ready-for the buyer*
If the merchant use* a page or a
-half page In the local paper, he should
have the printer lift the form and rua
BUILDING UP TRADE
•OME THINGS THE MERCHANTS
8HOULl> NOT OVERLOOK.
POPULARITY WINS SUCCESS
Business Always Regulated by th#
Want* of tha People.
Metbode of Advertieing to Bring De-
sirable and Lasting Results—
Comparison of City end
Country Stores.
“How can I make my afore a popular
trading place?" Ie the question asked
by hundred* of retailer*. The answer
Is simple—just make It popular. “But
bow? asks the merchant. There are
various way*, but like the eleven hun-
dred sects comprising Christianity,
with the reaching of Heaven the aim
of all, each
It le an established principle that
the consuming capacity of the people
averages Just so much year after year,
and fluctuates according to business
and financial conditions. As new
'hlngs are brought Into use, perhaps
the per capita expense of living In-
creases and becomes adjusted to
changed conditions. Then it is rea-
sonable to believe that so far as the
consuming capacity of the , United
States le concerned it will grow
according to the Increase In popula-
tion, and the educated tastes of the
people.
Whether conditions that have bee*
found practical and afford an equitable
compensation to all engaged In trade
are to be continued, or whether the
It
,k- “ ,rr r sr' ■-" “• SJSr-
.,-r,!«.. ™. m „? 'iSJTSnf \
on* th* - ... . x. .. .
wlJJ hav#» his store a model one, the • «.* * -‘T*
arrangement of hi* weii-selected »»- 1 b“efu’ U *****
eortment of goods so as to give the
system. About 60 per cent of the
greatest display and attractive to the
people of the United States five la
jrsas1 -
SS- jud’chk»JrLd%«el!rntthe ^ Tb* ^ioD U
vertlae r.
It is best for the masses that thee*
'“There f. mtie use in fining the col- \ *“? 'tTJlSS.
• drive »he small merchants out of bed-
!»»•*» or not? Is ft. to tfee advantage
ajuncz joipjzrt.a yzaa ago
It mar * 5*,ou**rt^ n,or** handbill* that
, ... , ... .. | can be circulated about the country
t*>' #a;.i that the retailer fill* a place , v, „ . . , ... , . V
\ .. . j No use tn doing this unless H I* the
| right kind of advertising No use In
i Just-saying "Spring'good# of all kind*
| at Brown *.” Such won't bring bus!
; tic** (Jive price*, and tell how low
........ - , _ _ , the price* are and how good the goods
could find a mor^K economical way s •
of distribution than the wholesale
end the retailer he would do so. But j "I ""X" j ten miles from the terminus of
a* Bribe consumer a* doe* the whole-
sale' trNUie retailer. Now it 1* Im-
practical R*r the manufacturer to
alntaln storey of hi* own In han-
-drvtds and thousands of town* If In-
in Kic western half of this new
world there Is scarcely a city that does
not hold one or more citizens w ho can
boast of having seen the place grow
from a village to what it is today, but
here at the western end of the Grand
Trunk Pacific railway we have the
rare opportunity of looking forward
and fashioning In our mind 1 eye a
city sure to bd*- Prince Rupert, the
Promising,
Added interest is given to the story
O# the future possibilities of this pro
posed new pet on the far north coast
of the Pacific by the fact that a news
item ha.» been largely circulated re
cently to the effect that the entire
lownslte of Prince Rupert had beeu
sold for |100,8*14 gives added Interest
to the story of the future possibilities
of this proposed new i*>rt .on the fay
north coast of the Pacific ' Some en
more*
to ust
costly
h# In j
1 tions. and some prices that will talk.
If they arc cut out a
system of distribution _______ „ .
augurated I *° •ben the prospective buyer* come
.. ... „ .. i they will not be disappointed. Her-
Now a. to the traveling sell direct- cbw,t, $htmM cWk,
to the consumer pa. * •>«* t nd.rrpr......>« arid that the, treat
business chiefly with the people who j
give little study to commercial mat »
tars. He represents himself ** agent j
for s large wholesale house He
talk* continually of how the consumer
by buying front him can save the 1
profit# that the retailer would make f
duldwdM‘ogive a'sXe'ro'illfrerent J * ,OWM“t
kinds of good* and tome good tllustra
But the fart 1* that the expense 1*
fi t eliminator! The average traveler
who sell* goods I© the farmers re-
ceive- a rodin; ssloa of from 11 to 40
per cent , or about 15 to 20 per cent,
more than the retailer's- average on
au< h g «-d» ash** sell*
But this It not alt These men ah*
downright dishonest as a general rule
They arc a. development of the
proverbial lightning rod agent They
practice the *amc principle*, only
shift the kind of goods sold In fact
the majority i< them rwAfe*ent alleged
house* that exist only Tn name tn
one western city are located a number
of men who are doing business under
a half dozen different names They
even haven't a warehouse Whew
every caller courteously. See that de-
liveries of goods are promptly made,
and that In each package there p>es
out a circular telling of other bargain*
Now should be the merchants’ harvest
time. Everybody.who ha* money ex
pweta to spend a goodly share of It.
Don't neglect advertising right Tell
your patron* that von can secure for
them any kind of good* that they want J
If you should hapj>en not to have what
Is inquired for in stock Your Jobber
will take special pains to put up a
small order for you if you tel! him
that there 1* need for !t, and will try
to assist -you alt he'era.- Now I* your
harvest time and make the best of 1L j
the Canadian trans-continental rati-
■ way; which they call Prince Rujtert.
i That Is the tnwnsite referred to in th-
| dispatch, but It Is not the real Prince
i Rupert.
Prince Rupert Is situated 550 mile*
north of Vancouver and 40 miles south
j city. The view from these elevated
stations and from back of the town-
site Is a charming one. On the oppo-
site shore mountains *b m> down to,he
water, To the northwest, through a
channel studded with island*. Is st'u
ate,1 the famous Indian village of Met-
lakatia. known on the eo*»t as th-
“Holy City "
Prince Rupert lies In the center of
the *a)mon fishing industry of British
Columbia.. and in the Immediate vicin-
ity of a large number of canneries"
which ship their product throughout
the world Here l* also ,o he found
off the banks of Queen Charlotte
Islands the fine*' halibut f.shlngThat
la known to exist, tons of which are
being taken annually to supply eastern
markets, and this traffic will be great-
ly augmented upon the completion of
transportation facilities right at hand
Prince Rupert Is also on the route
of the celebrated Sail up the Sound.’
which, for wild grandeur, excel* al-
most anything to be found in the
world from the- deck of a sea-going
ship, while the trains of this new
»ay traverse > some of th«r finest
scenery to tie found on the American
continent
Pr.nct> Rujert 1* surrounded bv
of the Alaskan boundary. It ts In the country whose natural resources are
HOW LOSSES OCCUR.
Investors Fill to Study Financial Mat
ter* Closely and Act Unwisely.
{ The great mavwe* of people do not
> give sufficient study to financial mat-
f*f. < •
,____ . , , , . , . ; ter* The farmer who Is employed from
tier* are sent to them by their L*?nt», , .... , . , ... .
’ early morning H11 late at night ha* no
time to study Into thing* outside of
those that directly relate to his orcu-
they go to some wholesale grocer and
buy the gooda Not alone thl*. hut
after they purchase what they need
they adulterate the same They buy
dried fruit* In hulk, the cheapest kind,
and repack them In hoses supposed to
weigh 25 pounds each, but In reality
only weighing from 20 to 22 pounds,
case* Included The spires that are
bought are adulterated with ground
But shells starch, and other material
that make* up weight. The coffee*
are of the very cheapest and the teas
the same It la seldom that the articles
sent to the purchaser are the same as
the sample* shown It must be re-
membered that th# agent ts under
heavy expense, four to six dollar* a
day for team and hotel bills, and then
he receives 26 per cent commission
on what he sells To this must be
added the profits fbr th# bouse, which
Is about another 25 per cent. All this
must be made and the .buyer of the
goods Is the one who must make good.
Lately In th# western states the box-
Icar men have adopted dubious meth-
ods of getting trade Knowing how
anxious the farmers are to secure the
highest prices for products, they hare
been traveling around through the
country pretending to be buyers of
produce. They contract with the
farmer for butter, eggs, poultry, etc,
promising about 2S to 30 per cent.
| above the market price. They claim
they are shipping to Arisona, Nsw
Mexico, or somewhere elee/ where
higher prices are received. Incident-
ally they say that their house runs a
number of large storea, and also sells
to tb# farmers, saving them the over-
age profits of th# dealer. This is suf-
ficient. The farmer falls Into th* trap,
gives a good large order for supplies,
and a few weeks later be Bads a
•heap let of goods awaiting him a O.
pstion. Th# *am# with th# arerag#
laborer When either have a little
surpRi* money to Invest they are easy
victims of the schemers who make
great promises, plausible arguments,
and with a Juggling of figures show
how little money can be mad# to earn
groat Interest it Is always safe to
seek Investment of surplus money In
local Investments You are certain
that if you use good"'judgment you
cannot lose When you place your
money Into the hands of schemers In
some distant place and of wham you
know little, there Is a chance that
you will be the loser and that chance
la strong against you.
•am# latitude a* l^nndon and has a
climate whose mean temperature ts
about the same as that of the tnetropo
list of the British Dies
The selection of the Pacific coast
terminus'*as one of the most Impor
taut tasks with which the builders of
the national highway had to do. Many
things must be considered. It must
more rich and varied than those of
any other country known to the pros
••nt generation And her sphere Is
ever widening, her natural trade roue
is dally being extended" north, and
still further north
Every traveler and explorer who
gv>«* Into the far north come* out with
hew stories of lhat much maligned
umns of the paper* with attention at
tcarters and not .b# able to make g eel
when' the expected customer calls at
the storo la the small town the
; merchant who tries to follow some of
| the methods of the city store* krill
fail. Above, all other things he must
] he honest In his advertising He must
, value the truth when telling in the
' column* of the local paper what bar-
gains he ha*. His customers are gen-
; erally steady one#; week.In and wewk
j out they visit -his place. Mach trade
In the cities" is of a migratory cSkas
The keepers of shop* are oat for the
money, and they little care how they
g*-t It. If they can sell the' visitor to
th# store a sal, of shoddy dot bee for
; what pure wool 1# worth, all right.
He may be from * ra# country town
; and not know the difference. Sell the
J same cla*s of clothe# jn your tan#
■ town to the same buyer, you might,
lose not alone his trade bat the trade
©f-ht* neighbors. It peyg to be hdn--
ert in your advertising.
The merchant * bo has sained the
reputation for square dealing has a
’ capital that S# sometime* better than
money He is sure to gain sad re-
[ tain customers." aa<l hi# reputation j
goes** tug distance with the Jobitag
hoitees In far,.-be will get the best
of yhe deal all around
Unless advertising bring* returns St
Is money thrown away. Rut whether
; advertising makes good or not de<-
jj#»ds upon how ft is done Ethic* of 1
. the medical profess; ;n prohibits doe-
tars doing other advertising than the
: simple put . f a ca*d glvlag th# •
title and address. ' The quack, -wfeo .
, realties that there la - vfrtne la pel*
ter* ink pub!;the# coluscn after evd-
umn ©r fun page* when he advertise*.
He make* it win He tells the people
tn an fatero*: tig way that he has
th# good* to deliver, whether he ha* or ;
not and he makes .them believe.him
J ust th# simple statement that” George
Brown A Co., Grocers are located in
a certgjn town, hasn’t much j .
power It is money gives to the pria-
feUn"JO*t tg help him The printer
dr3e* not need such help He wants
his papec to be s trad# jtailer. to bene-
fit its advertisers' The 'wise editor
will *#« that his’ werchsat advertisers
u*e advertising tpace properly ft i§
to hi* advantage as well a* the mer-
chant* advantage that th’s is done
t\hefl Ji-U advejr- >e ro-as;der the'
amount H cs>«;* the saroe a* you d-o
tfce nt, -n th at >ou f,.>r Th-
only difference 1* that you can pay
mosey far goods, keep them on yo®r
abvlve* for years if the people* don't
know that you have them the money
yoofpay th# printer is for letting the
people know that you keep goods for
sale and to make the selling part easv
Judicious i[>endtng of money for the
right kind of advert.sing cannot fall
to win In the end and pay a better per
rootage of profit than is afforded tn
the same amount being spent ie goods.
l> M CARR,
of the mao afactarera and the Jobber*
that she large h-aipse* con tinge to
» * Tl - sirt»twifa 'if these hooeae
has noth,lag to do with the conaunifn*
power of the people. Their existence
doe* not la# re*## trade an Iota Why.
then... should th* people petr-xniae
theta, and why should maxsofaetarer*
and Job here . glr# them support ’ hr
supplying them with goods? R may
be that a charge of di.wrimibattoss
would he made against <roarorcs that row
fused to sell. The catalog®# howee
should not have *ny advaatag* over
the dealer is the small town, and aaeo
the Eatirt would dlarww»r that there
was aochisg to be gained by patronta-
lag th# dlstan-t koues.
VALUE OF GOODS.
Scap-Huctcg Oft*# M«ae*
M«ney and 'T».**v#.
Lea* sf
Sr.ap husting rarely pays. People
•h--wid fix tn their heads the fact that
gold dot Ur* can never im purchased
for 9*’> cent*, ns.rss there ts Id- eewtaf
■ worth . - t *eid won* off. The cam*
with gawds. Values suast be 5ow*ned
either by ever prod action, oat of daze
vrylea,.. or atres* other dreozutaaeaa.
Now and then a concern ts farad to
sell tn order tua meet ©thligatl-oaa. Then
things go wader th* _ tarn mar. and
there may be a chance to gat garnihi
macii be.to-w real va.sj.ra Bat the mat-
ter ot buying standard' gtxoda at"sacri-
ficial .prices through recnlar trad*
channels shruld be cnrofally crostd-
erod. ' Whets a tot ©f gawsfo are -offer*d
at a rt: .rate, .at m tew a price that
It ts apparent eoeteume mast toe# by
the traadag&Mk, Vrok out for a "xigger
la the fence. Th# goods stay ■ .be ot
Wetter qnaUty. aad sog the kind a
-espeetahl* merchant w.>u:d cam to
offer to Lis natrons
Several •c-u'rtMt c* Requ red.
There f# Ijttie a*e tn trying to bnitd
sip s great tnwa la a l-ocaitty where
tkVro is sot the **Nrtal ts sustain fL
aad where there are *o> rmemixm*,
for the . support .off a hamlet. Town*
of tsaportanro extst oat? where there
are certain natural -ad*ma?*gee. to-'
*o-)-ro* that can be utfltaed in asaan-
factnrtng. territory snSdently targe-
to ootr.foaad extcnalv# trad*: or w»m#
other favf'.rabl# condtu-'Ji la certain
district.# manufacturing mast by th#
erocottiy. of thing* b* confined to
such lines a* eaa be advagtag'##—flr
produced. In mar. ifactaring there
arc many factors There must .be con-
sidered th# cost of fuel, the raw ma-
terial. the labor and most Important
are the transportation faclUtlve
have a harbor •••cond to none, and lie Und. until their song of praise swell#
where the rails could reach It without
seriously lengthening th# line, or In
creasing the gradients The entire
north coaat was searched, and every
harbor sounded before a final decision
was reached. The very satisfactory
Into s sublime chorus, compelling us
by the mere preponderance of evi-
dence to listen and to learn
Because It ha* been held back lie
cause settler# were not suffered to
rush tn before there was need of set
Cleanliness About Store*.
Cloae observers note that the moat
successful grocery stores ar# the one*
which are kept In the cleanest and
neatest order 'There Is a large class
of people, and they are not the richest
one*, either, who would rather have
good, clean groceries, things they
know are pur# and kept right, and pay
a good price for them, than have in-
ferior, carelessly kept goods at a cheap
.price. Attractiveness about the grocery
la a most Important thing It means a
saving all around. In the southern
country where the summer weather
continues for the greater part of the
year too great care cannot be exer-
cised In the looking after stocks. A
little neglect will cause losses that
will prove serious. Some classes of'
goods if not protected from Insects
will be soon ruined. The grocer who
would have his windows attractive
will do well to avoid having stale
things displayed. He should strive to
make aa Impression that hla slocks are
clean aad weH-kaat.
It has a mil* wide roadway, aad I. s,if lt h„ , mlw climat- I, u
fleiont In site to shelter all th# ships tractive I, i. 6# . model eft, m
that are likely to come to It. groat as (.v0ry „wniw> ot tb<> ^ , .
are the portb.l.tles of this new ,H,rt wh.t „ „K1 t0 p, tba
And because Prince Rupert Is at the , harbt>r on tho C(llu, ,f *•
end fd the line, and the nearest port to • world It I. the terminal town of a
Japan and the east; because It I. on , transcontinental railway which bid.
tlm shortest line from Liverpool to j f.lr to surpass anything ever attempt
Yokohama the shortest route around j ed In the way of railway conat ruction
,',*^Un"J.0J1:.°lthe A“ I °° ,h,• continent, crossing from ocean
Investment of Surplus Caah.
j ft appear* that any legitimate man
; ey-maklng pro-poslUoa need not seek
; to sell Its stock among the people all
| over the land There Is always ample
j capital securabte for sound enterprts.
e* that will pay even fir# or six per
cent on the Investment. It is well to
beware of the companies that adver
Us# their stocks for sal# wtth- the
promise of a rapid advance In value*
and large dividends If there were a
•toes-©S of Good Road*.
Th# town that ha* good roads lead-
ing to It t* bi#seed Surely there l*
no more disagreeable thlag nmr aay-
thing Rh'ro adverse'' to tb# b-.is-tnese
interests of a place than Impassable,
boggy road* , There ts little excuse
for poor roads fa the well settled com-
munity It may in the Iwglaalng be
somewhat expensive to put the roada
in order, but tn th# end tl will prov#
that th# saving In wear and tear oo
wagona and horse# will well repay all
the additional expeaa# And to the
town good road# are aituowt vital Tb#
average farmer weald rather drive
three or four miles farther to a towa
over good road* than do his trading
when lt Is necessary to go bub ,d«*p
certainty of these accomplishments
It would not he necessary for the pro- ’ !ng the distant houses
mot#rs to go beyond the first good -
banking Institution In their way to Godb Roads Movement
secure all the funds neceeaary to The good roads movement has
carry on th* business taken a firm hold tn the agricultural
----- j sections of th# middle west Gooff
For Estanding Canada’s Treds. roads mean savings aggregating mlh
A special commissioner sent over Hons of dollars yearly to the farmer*,
by the Brltlah board of trade to find and to the merchants of the town* aa
means of extending Canada * trade well The prtaeofferfog for section*
with En viand reporta, aaya Consul-
Rad rout*. It that dream la ever rea
Used. /
The city la all being planned. In ad-
vance of any building, and nothing is
being overlooked which will add to
the beauty and symmetry of the city
to be.
^Th* alte Is a picturesque one. The
land slope* back gently for distances
ranging from half a mile to two or
three mile*. Here and there the ground
rises abruptly, providing the necea-
aary flail for drainage nad sewerage,
while a shore line flee or alx mile* in
extent sweeps around the front of the
to ocean without a single mil# of
mountain grade, or grade' that can. bv
any stretch of Imagination, be consid-
ered an obstacle to the economical op.
eration of the road.
To this new port will come th* ships
of the Seven teas. Ships of the east
laden with allk and rice, will soon he
riding at anchor In this splendid har-
bor. to aall away laden wtth lumber-
ships from the west with the wares or
the west; ships from the shore* of far-
off continents, trading through the
new and picturesque port of Prtace Ru-
pert.
say* C onsul ■ of road leading into towns In a atlmu-
Ocncral Bradley, of Montreal, that 122 i font, and once Interest Is thoroughly
of the leading manufacturing firm* In ! aroused the work demonetrutes th#
the United State* have operating I benefits to he had, aad there la little
branch** In Canada, and that from j trouble In having the highways kept
m
i
$
$15,000,400 to $75,two.000 of Araerlcan j up to a btgb standard-
capital la Invested In Montresu alone.
Rawer ef the Heme Rreee.
One of the most powerful Influences
of th* country la the bom* prose, th*
local papers Th# editor can do much
for his town If he oaly will, and If
he receives th* support that he merits
from the buslnem Interests of th*
place where ho may reside. His In-
teroats ar* th* people’s Interests; th*
people's success hla success.
Title Goes with Degree.
Unmarried women who dislike the
thought of beartufi'th* school girl title
of "Mis*'' to their craves will he tu>
cllned to envy Dr. Telia
'although unmarried, is legally
to he addressed as Frau Dr.
Th# title of fraa. It m
th* medical degree. Dr.
one of the
-■<
KM
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Ford, A. L. The Daily Leader (Orange, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 65, Ed. 1 Saturday, May 23, 1908, newspaper, May 23, 1908; Orange, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth647203/m1/3/: accessed April 23, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Lamar State College – Orange.