[News Article: Baltimore Committee] Page: 3 of 6
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Baltimore provided a laundry list of questions for basic research to address:
* The structure/function of the HIV Env protein.
* Antibody, mucosal, and cellular immune responses to HIV.
"Lots of us are convinced that cytotoxic lymphocyte [CTL] are very important, if not most important," he said.
* Improved animal models. "Maximize the primate model, develop new models," Baltimore advised.
* Human immunology. Of special interest are dendritic cells and other antigen-presentation systems.
In the second part of his lecture, titled "Fighting with HIV while It Fights Back," Baltimore talked about his own view of
HIV disease.
"It has become quite obvious to me that while the antibody response to the virus is very florid, it is unclear how important it
is," he said.
The crucial event in HIV disease appears to be the immune system's initial battle with the virus, characterized by initial
control of viremia and establishment of a set point at which virus titers are maintained until they finally increase prior to
disease onset.
But why, exactly, does this occur?
"When I think of the role of antibodies in all this, I draw a blank," Baltimore said. "So, is it CTL? We don't have an answer.
My guess is it's probably true."
In his own laboratory, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher has focused on stimulating anti-HIV CTL
responses. He began by attempting to determine whether cells infected by HIV are somehow protected from elimination by
CTL, perhaps by a virus-induced factor.
In studies using primary T cells, Baltimore found that HIV infected cells "dramatically" down-regulated MHC class I
receptors. Cells harboring the virus had 10 to 20 times fewer of these receptors than uninfected cells.
"Virus infected cells actually lose, during infection, the molecule that they present to CTL," Baltimore said.
But if the cells were infected by HIV mutants lacking the nef gene - similar to the live attenuated vaccines that have protectedII
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DeNoon, Daniel J. [News Article: Baltimore Committee], article, May 19, 1997; Salem, Massachusetts. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc786220/m1/3/?q=%22Business%2C+Economics+and+Finance+-+Communications+-+Newspapers%22: accessed June 9, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Special Collections.