The Schulenburg Sticker (Schulenburg, Tex.), Vol. 31, No. 39, Ed. 1 Friday, June 5, 1925 Page: 2 of 16
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Peasant Types of Poland.
(Prepared by the National Geographic So-
ciety. Waaniasion, D. <J.)
Poland's recent vehement protest
against any move toward a readjust-
ment of the Polish-German frontier is
easily explained by the old adage, "A
burnt child dreads the fire." The last
time Poland's boundaries were tam-
pered with they were "readjusted" so
radically that the country—long one of
the most powerful kingdoms in Europe
—was wiped out of existence for near-
ly a century and a quarter
But Poland's spirit did not die while
its territory and its people were di-
vided among Russia, Austria and Ger-
many. Generations of the sternest
repression ever practiced upon any
people still left the Pole with his heart
set on the one desire of his life—Po-
land restored. In spite of the efforts
of three of the world's most powerful
governments to assimilate them and to
Incorporate them into their own bodies
politic, 20,000,000 Poles hoped and
longed for and dreamed of the day
when their country should resurrect
itself and make itself a vital force in
the civilization of the future. That
great day came for Poland after the
World war when the greater p'art of
Its old territory was gathered to-
gether and the republic of Poland was
created, becoming the sixth nation of
Europe both in area and population.
In size the old Poland, before the
partition, outranked nearly every na-
tion of the continent Beflore the
World war Russia nlone of the Euro-
pean nations was larger than Poland
was at her greatest In population she
stood at the forefront of Europe. Un-
partltioned Poland had an area of 282,-
000 square miles, and the lands that
once lay within hetf boundaries now
support a population of approximately
50,000,000. In area she was larger
than Gcejit Britain, Italy, and Greece
combined.
Poland was three times partitioned,
and these partitioning* were read-
justed between the partitjoners by the
congress of Vienna In 1815. Where
the original partitions had given Rus-
sia 181,000 square miles, Prussia 54,-
000 square miles, and Austria 45,000
square miles, the reapportionment of
the Vienna congress gave Russia 220,-
500, Prussia 26,000, and Austria 35,000
square miles.
Poland, in the days of her-greatest
area, extended from a point within 50
miles of Berlin, on the west, to the
meridian of the Sea of Azov on the
east; on the north it reached nearly to
the Gulf of Finland and on the south
down to the Khanate of Crimea. In
those days, Warsaw, next to Paris, was
the most brilliant city in Europe.
Suffered Repression.
The Poles who came under the gov-
ernment of the three partitioning pow-
ers, suffered repression in varying de-
grees. For a long time the Poles in
Russia were forbidden even to use
their native tongue. Even the railway
employees could not answer questions
asked In Polish. The word "Polish"
itself could not be used in the news-
papers. For a while no letter could
be addressed in Polish.
The national dress was forbidden,
even as a carnival costume or in his-
torical dramas in the theater. The
coat of arms of Poland had to be
erased from every old house and from
the frame of every old picture. The
singing of the national songs was
strictly taboo.
Germany tried in every possible way
to transform her Poles Into Germans.
It used the Russian tactics in quench-
ing the fire of their nationalism, but
with no better success than Russia
had.
There were laws forbidding the use
of Polish in public meetings, and
Polish children who refused to answer
the catechism in German were pun-
ished.
Austria never treated her Poles as
the Russians and the Prussians treated
theirs. Where those countries sought
to destroy the spirit of Polish national-
Ism, holding it to be a perpetual
menace to Russian and Prussian Insti-
tutions, Austria proceeded upon the
theory that this spirit, carefully di-
rected, became more a source of
strength to the government than a
source of weakness. So the Poles of
Austria were as free to sing their na-
tional songs as the people of our own
South are free to sing Dixie. They
were as much at liberty to glorify their
past and to Bpeak their native tongue
ag though they were free and inde-
pendent. Except that they must pay
tbelr taxes to Austria and serve In
Austria's army, they were practically
self-governing.
In Galicia, a port of former Austrian
Poland, are many of the world's most
famous salt mines. Those at Wieliczka
have been worked for nearly seven
centuries, at one time being a prin-
cipal source of revenue for the Polish
kings. Railroads are not permitted to
run near them lest their vibrations re-
sult in cave-ins. Within these mines
are labyrinths of salt-hewn streets
and alleys, lined with pillared
churches, staircases, restaurants,
shAnes, and monuments.
There are little lakes in the mines,
sometimes 30 feet deep, which are nav-
igated by ferryboats.
Their Lot Not Easy.
The lot of the Polish peasant even
in the New Poland is not an easy one.
His food is simple, if not poor. His
whole family must toil from the hour
that the sun peeps over the eastern
horizon to the hour when twilight falls
into dusk. There is much drudgery
for the women.
Before the war It was not uncom-
mon to see them working as section
hands on many of the railroads, and
they are reputed to have made good
ones. It was not exceptional to see
them carrying mortar for bricklayers
and plasterers or to find them painting
or hanging paper in the cities.
Old Poland was sort of "Royal re-
public" of landowners, in which the
serf did not count The man who
owned land, or whose ancestors owned
land, was a noble. He might match
poverty for poorness, he might not
have a single sole between his feet
and the ground, he might have only a
rusty old sword to tie to his girdle, and
only a piebald blind horse to drive, and
that a hired one, but he still was a
noble if ownership of land had ever
se£ Its approving stamp upon him.
With him the peasants were as but
worms of the dust. The Russian noble
was proud of his peasants, the German
noble was proud of his, and the Aus-
trian noble had nought but words of
praise for his; but the Polish noble
was not proud of his.
In the New Poland the machinery
has been created for a much more
popular government. Poland is now a
constitutional republic with universal
suffrage and proportional representa-
tion. There Is a two-chamber parlia-
ment consisting of a senate and a
house. The president Is elected by the
parliament for a'seven-year term, and
appoints a cabinet responsible to par-
liament. \
Many Great Men.
Poland has contributed a long list of
great and near great to civilization. It
was Copernicus, a Pole, who first
taught that the sun Is the center of
the solar system and laid the founda-
tions of modern astronomy. It was
John Sobieskl who saved Europe from
the Turks- as Charles Martel hammered
it out of the grasp of the Saracens.
Kosciuszko and Pulaski served the
cause of freedom botfc in Europe and
America. The "Quo Vadis" of Sienkie-
wicz will never be forgotten as long as
literature and history are appreciated
by man. The music of Paderewski en-
titles him to a place among the im-
mortals, and the histrionic art of Mod-
jeska gave her a foremost place in the
history of the stage. The compositions
of Chopin, a Pole by birth, though a
Frenchman by education, will float'
down through the corridors of time
along with those of Wagner, Beethoven,
Handel, Verdi, and the other masters.
From the days of Kosciuszko down
to the present, Poles have been no
mean contributors to American civili-
zation. Leopold Julian Boeck is cred-
ited with having led the movement
for the establishment of the first poly-
technic institution in the United States.
Four million Poles have come to the
shores of America, and our Polish im-
migrant population living today ranges
around 3.000.000. It is said that if
the people of Polish ancestry in the
United States were massed together
they could practically duplicate the
population of New England. In Penn-
sylvania one Inhabitant out of every
twelve has Polish blood in his veins;
in New York one out of fourteen, and
in Massachusetts one out of ten.
Chicago is said to have more Poles
in it than any other city in the world
except Warsaw and possibly Lodz.
Cleveland has more*than 40,000 Polish
residents, yet New York, Pittsburgh,
Philadelphia, Buffalo, Milwaukee, and
Detroit all have Polish colonies larger
than Cleveland's.
Texas Items
A new country club with golf links
md a fishing lake is being organized
it Cameron.
According to reports from farmers,
:he grasshopper menace threatens San
3aba County more than ever before.
An issue of $201,506 Orange County
"oad and bridge funding bonds, bear-
ng 5% per cent and maturing serially,
aas been approved by the attorney gen-
eral's department.
Fairfield, county seat of Freestone
county, may get electric light and
power service for the first time, the
result of negotiations between the
Community Light and Power Com-
pany and the citizens of that town.
Efforts to have a weather bureau
established in Austin in order that
forecasts may be broadcast by the Tex-
as department of agriculture radio sta-
tion, with the market quotations, are
being made by George B. Terrell, com-
missioner.
The city of Donna will take over the
local water system on June 1, having
purchased It from the McDowell in-
terests. This is in line with the plans
for a complete new water and sewer
3ystem for which $150,000 in bonds
was voted some time ago.
The rapid growth of Houston is
indicated by the number of new ad-
ditions that are coming before the
city council for platting. Since Jan-
uary 1, records in the city engineer's
office show, the council has approved
the platting of 18 residential additions.
The annual meeting of the Texas
Pecan Growers Association will be
held at ^lason, June 16, 17 and 18.
A call for the meeting has been is-
sued by H. G. ' Lucas of the Capps
Pecan Farm, Brownwood, president of
the organization. Attendance in ex-
cess of 500 is expected.
Report of the bureau of child
hygiene of the state board of health
for the last month shows that a large
percentage of defectives were found
among school children examined. Of
the 5657 children examined in coun-
ties maintaining public health nurses,
3073 were found defective.
The state highway commission can
grant no further allotments nor make
new designations because of lack of
funds, it was announced In a state-
ment by Chairman Frank V. Lanham
today. Previous allotments will absorb
revenue of the department "for some
time to come," it was stated.
For the first time in the history
of Texas the combined total of auto-
mobile license plates and chauffeur's
badges required by the state automo-
tive sphere will exceed 1,100,000 If re-
quisitions of the registration division
of the state highway department is
aproved by the state highway com-
mission.
The fire Insurance rate of Hemp-
stead has been increased from 66 cents
to 87 cents by the state fire insurance
by application of the re-
vised schedules. The rate foi Elgin i«
ceived a 13-cent boost, from 67 to 80
cents. Lullng was granted Its old rate
of 66 cents. The rate of Grandvlew
was raised from 64 to 73 cents, and
that of Henderson from 36 to 40 cents,
as a result of the new schedues.
More than $35,000,000 will be ex-
pended on road building and public im-
provements in Texas during the pres-
ent calendar year, according to reports
compiled Saturday by United States
Employment Service. Most of the work
will be done during the coming sum-
mer and thousands of men will be em-
ployed on these projects, which will
take care of all men who may be
thrown out of work In other Indus-
tries.
Topographic surveys of 3,358,000
acres of land situated In various por-
tions of the state have been made
by the state board of water engineers
in co-operation with topographic engi-
neers of the United States geological
department since the Thirty-Eighth
legislature made an apporpriation of
$600,000 for flood control In Texas, ac-
cording to John A. Morris, chairman
of the board of water engineers. This
work was accomplished in less than
two years, and by September 1, next, it
is expected that surveys will have
reached a total of 4,000,000 acres.
On application of the carriers in-
terested, the railroad commission has
issued a new scale of rates on carload
shipments of sawmill refuse between
points in Texas. The commission's
order provides a rate of 3% cents per
100 pounds for distances of 15 miles
and less; this is gradually increased
sntil it reached a maximum rate of
24% cents for distances of over 500
miles; 23 cents for distances of 450
miles to 500. The minimum weight
per car is fixed at 30,000 pounds. This
rate is to become effective five days
after publication by the carriers.
State to Sell Oil Leases.
Austin, Tex.—One million three
thousand acres of University of Texas
oil and gas leases will go on the mar-
ket June 16, in the first sale under
competitive bids conducted by the
land office. Land on which the oil
and gas rights will be sold by com-
petitive bids is located in Andrews,
Martin, Gaines, Dawson, Crane, Croo>
kett, Ector, Reagan, Culberson, El
Paso, Hudspeth, Loving, Ward, Wink-
ler, Pecos, Schleicher counties. Th«
state reserves one-eight royalty.
TEXAS OIL NEWS
STATE WANTS RECEIVER
FOR RIVER OIL WELLS
Court Cancels Oil Leases.
Los Angeles, Cal.—Federal Judge
Paul J. McCormick Friday decided in
favor of the United States government
in its suit to cancel contracts and
leases by the Pan-American Petroleum
and Transport Company and the Pan-
American Petroleum Company in the
Eilk Hills naval reserve, California.
Reagan Gusher Comes In.
San Angelo, Tex.—Big Lake Oil
Company's well No. 19, drilled in Tues-
day, became one of the biggest in the
Reagan County field. Deepened 26 feet
it increased its flow from 100 to 300
barrels an hour. A settled daily pro-
duction of at least 5000 barrels Is ex-
pected.
Two Wells From 17 Holes.
Tampico, Mexico.—The second pro-
ducer out of 17 holes, drilled by the
Mexican-Gulf Oil Corporation on the
Corovado lease near Tampico, has been
completed for an initial production es-
timated at from 5000 to 10,000 barrels
of heavy oil per day, it was announced
Thursday.
Good Well at Lockhart.
Lockhart, Tex.—Striking the pay
above the 1500-foot level. Witherspoon
No. 7 came in Tuesday with a roar and
flowed out of* the casing at the rate
of 167 barrels an hour. Reports from
the well Wednesday stated that the
production had not been lessened at
all.
Hunting for New Salt Domes.
Beaumont, Tex.—As a result of sci-
entific machines which are claimed to
locate salt domes in the coastal plains,
practically all of the available acreage
in Jefferson County has been leased
up, with the prospects that the county
will be thoroughly explored.
New Gas Discovered.
San Angelo, Tex.—A strange gas, dif-
ferent from that from other wells in
the field npw providing fu§l, has
been struck in Big Lake Oil Company's
test No. 28 and 29 in Reagan Coynty.
Officials believe there is a possibility
it Is helium, and have sent a sample
to Forth Worth for analysis.
To Drill Near Beeville.
Beeville, Tex.—Two thousand four
hundred and ten feet of six and five-
eights inch casing have been ordered
for the Scott No. 1, wildcat well lo-
cated near Beeville, it was announced
Wednesday. The operators plan to
test the well in about 10 days.
Rushing Wildcat Tops Chalk.
Corsicana, Tex.—King State Oil Com-
pany's test at Rushing is drilling in
what is believed to be Austin chalk,
with the log running high as compared
to the Currie and Richland districts.
To Drill Near Hampshire.
Beaumont, Tex.—The Gulf Produc-
tion Company is rigging up on E.
Thomas A-l, wildcat well at Fannette,
Jefferson County. The well is near
Hamshire.
To Build Refinery at Lela.
Shamrock, Tex.—J. D. Wrather of
the Big Four oil refinery at Panhandle,
will begin construction next week of a
1000-barrel capacity refinery at Lei*.
Helium Gas Believed Found.
San Angelo, Tex.—A strange gas, dif-
ferent from that of other wells in the
field now providing fuel, has been
struck in Big Lake Oil Company's
test numbers 28 and 29 in Reagan
County.
Bulgarian Communists on Their Way to Trial
Austin, Tex.—A receiver to take
charge of certain producing oil wells
in the bed of the Frio River, owned
by the Grubstake Investment Associa-
tion of San Antonio, was asked of the
Fifty-third District Court in a suit
against the company filed by the at-
torney general's department.
Title to the land is now in litiga-
tion and the state is asking a receiver
until the suit is finally disposed of by
the supreme court. The court of civil
appeals recently held that the present
owners hold title under a Mexican
land grant. It is claimed' also that
an injunction has been issued by a
San Antonio court restraining the
Coyle-Concord Oil Company, which
holds a permit from the state, from
taking any oil from the land unless a
system of accounting is provided.
Oil Movements Increase.
Galveston, Tex.—A decided increase
in the oil movement i in the Galveston
district was shown during May, accord-
ing to figures obtained at the Galves-
ton custom house Friday. Particular-
ly was the coastwise export movement
out of Texas City materially increased,
this movement totaling 1,445,000 bar-
rels, as compared to 1,243,00 barrels in
April.
Track to Oil Field.
High Island, Tex.—The Santa Fe
has started' the construction of a new
sidetrack at High Island to accommo-
date the oil companies who will ship
their production by rail until there is
enought of it in sight to justify the
construction of a pipe line. Both the
Sun and Gulf Companies are planning
to construct 10-car capacity loading
racks.
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Police of Bulgaria are still combing the country toi communists accused of plotting against the government.
Some of those captured are here seen heavily manacled on their way to be tried for participation in the cathedral
homb outrage.
New Movie Camera and Projector Invented
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John P. Berggren has invented and George K. Spoor of Chicago is developing a "natural vision, life size, third
limension" camera and projector for the movies that it Is believed will do away with eye-strain and distortion. Only
natural acting and real settings can be used. At left are Mr. Spoor, Mr. Berggren and Betty Byron examining the
camera. At right, part of the projector.
BRAVE BOBBY BRANER
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Bobby Braner, eleven-year-old son
of City Fireman Homer Braner of
Washington, JJa.. Is a candidate for a
Carnegie medal for an act of heroism.
His five-y^ar-old sister. Helen Louise,
here seen with him, crawled beneath
a freight train, and as the lad saw
her, the train started to move. He
rushed to his sister's aid and pulled
her to safety, but himself suffered the
loss of a toe.
LUDEN HAS FINE IDEA
No Wonder the Vets Chose Omaha
H | 0
Helen Sperry and Frances Adrian,
two fair misses of Omaha, Neb., who
are joining with many other girls of
the Gate City in preparing for the
fifth annual national convention of
the Disabled American Veterans of
the World War, to be held In Omaha
June 22-27.
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Trotzky Buys Castle in Italy
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William H. Luden of Reading, Pa.,
confectionery manufacturer, who has
announced the gift of a bonus of $250
annually to each child in families oi his
employees who remains in school after
the age of fourteen. This, Mr. Luden
Intends, will foster the idea of com-
pleting the education of the children
Instead of tending them to work at
an early age.
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Entrance to the beuutiful Castle Devaclian in Italy which, it is said, has
been bought by Leon Trotzky, Russian Bolshevik leader, for a large sum. The
castle, which housed one of the first peace conferences In 1920, was built by
the Englishman Lord Mesbouroghe and contains many historical treasures.
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The Schulenburg Sticker (Schulenburg, Tex.), Vol. 31, No. 39, Ed. 1 Friday, June 5, 1925, newspaper, June 5, 1925; Schulenburg, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth189912/m1/2/: accessed April 26, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Schulenburg Public Library.