The Texas State Times (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 49, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 4, 1854 Page: 1 of 4
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TEXAS STATE
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CITY OF AUSTIN, TEXAS, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 4,1854.
NUMBER 49.
J""***!*!
1teas*-
m
■n orb of Hun
jU flrwh and green,
_- ,taoofiet «wdto tts song •*•& !
■ISSsSsSsxr*
^S to. arch where t^p<^t*>d;
Philadelphia
of the Giratd
$98,542.
isllsaatort of * child three
• * V** Sire my love to
now in the United States
tfsggSSB
to leave Liverpoolon
i«t for Madeira, whither he goes "
jfttf jjjgteffHh.
rSEvras^-
r tte ywu* iow
itimber were unporvxi «nnu
jjis&£SgjS-i
the. only _
Amea, wa*
30th nlt^ to ft^cw
awver oi Hew York
ywng lawyer
Seawell, who wss
to separate her sons
the Galveston Time* says
in a If lee lts«
An Alabamhro upon returning hone, aay*
m exchange paper gives the following hu«
wxadweription of Texas i
"Texas, sip—1Texas is the greatest country
in sil creation j I hove looked all over it,
from its seabora to its mountains, It is the
fofcriand the eoWeit—the wUest and the dri-
est. In places there is the most timber,
and in orther places the least timber—it has
the best water and the worst water I ever
drank—the people are tho most hospitable of
any people on earth—it is the best placo for
an honest man and the worst plaoe I ever
saw. The men of Texas all love it, nearly
all the women hate it—it has the most cattlo
and the Attest I ever saw—its lands aro the
oheapest and the dearest—and the riohest
and the poorest I ever saw. On the rivers
they have the hardest agues, chilla-and-fovers
thatoalomel and quinine ever conquered—
ootton and sugar-eane grow to perfection. It
has the most beautiful sceneiy the eye ever
looked upon—the old oitizens are the most
contented people on earth. They say if
they really want anything and cannot get
it out, and long as as raw hide and beaf lasts,
they will be perfeetiy -independent. ,'yM
dear sir what shall I do—Texas is die d—dest
country and the best—I want to live there
and here too, on my old worn out home—I
Wish I had never seen it—ain't I in a nice
fix!" • '
Whigs of philadelphia.—At the city
conference of the Philadelphia WhigB, Mr.
Benjamin Burnell offered the following:
' Inasmuch as this is styled a Whig Con-
vention, and its candidates are presumed to
be Whigs, and Whigs only: Be it .therefore
Resolved, That if any nominee of this Con-
vention shall, before the fall election, show
any connection with political association, hav-
ing for its object the proscription of any citi-
zen on account, of his religion or birth, then,
in that case, the members of this convention
shall be at Ml liberty to vote for or oppose
ban as they may think proper.
Virtus.—We copy the following brief
but'besutiful passage from the Albany Citi-
zen :
"The creations of the sculptor may moul-
der uto dust; the wreath of the bard may
wither—-thrones of conquerors may be shiv-
ered by an opposition power into atoms; the
fame of the warrior may no longer be hymned
by the recording minstrel; the home may be
dismantled, but that- which hallows the cot-
tage and sheds a glory around the palace—
virtue—shall never decay. It is celebrated
by angels of God—it is written on the pil-
lows of heaven, and reflected down upon
earth:"
in San
/resulted in favor of
lie Knew Nothing* however,
candidate for Mayor.—Gal.
returns from Florida leave no
_ Maxwell, Democrat, has been
ffriifflWn, and that the State Lcg-
~~ .—GaL Jtwtt.'-s'? =cfc. .-■■■
^i;. Church in Mexico owns
|400,000,00d.
■ ,.. ■■ ,„ ,,,
of thefion- S. S. Tte
from Gonzales.—Gonz.
Washington Monument has*t-
a height of one hundred and sixty-rix
~ (receipts for continuing the work
[ in very slowly, and at the rate
the m is progressing, it will be many
Bianco, theNew York
on the 10th
of having fitted out the
the African
the required bail ($20,-
Eberated from
the 11th,
lowing
One of the most
gives the fol-
_ incidents of the
Island is thus related
A gentleman in the
•aid to the captain of the boat,
me a dean towel, Captain ?"
T. the Ogfain j " more than fifty
have used that towel there, and
am the first on that's said a word against
A finuonxiD Pkkssht.
Aft veil known
>.—The Emperor of
to Chas. H. HasweQ,
of New York, a
ring. Worth some fl,-
of Ms professional la-
l in the famishing of drawings of steam
** — 1—v :*ing tie engines of the
j which lb. Haswell had
Jnitod States Navy. The
at toe instance of the
late MrT Bodisco, former Russian Minister to
the United States.
Texas Orphan Asyltun, located
~ Hill, in Austin county, is now
tTpwarda of $20,000, says the
.have been subscribed to this institu-
Until the buildings are completed, the
to receive one orphan from
.—Gal. Times.
flmn al Trial.—We learn from the
IfcnAeeeboro' (Tenu.) Telegraph that the
trial in that place last week of Col. Robt.
r for the murder of his brother-in-law,
W. A- Smith, resulted in a verdict of
• in the second degree and ten years'
The Telegraph says k is pro-
that a new trial will be
.Maj. Wheat, well known for his ac-
tivity in Cuba af&irs, arrived on Tuesday
^ by the Louisiana, with several compan-
ions. He immediately chartered a vessel
andsaHed for Brownsville. We hear sundry
conjectures as to the object of his visit to his
brother Filibusters of Mexico. They all ap-
peared in high spirits during their few hours
stay here.—Gal. News.
Slavery in Illinois.—A letter from
Illinois to the Charleston Courier speaks of
an enterprise whieh appears to be on foot in
that State, to repeal the clause of the State
constitution which prohibits slavery, and to
takeadirect vote of the people on the question
of establishing slavery. He says that those en-
of the in the movement have already been
n«r. rsocndihg public T-cnthnetit cn tho aabject,
and find it singnlariy favoiable, and in order
to insure its success, he urges Southern men
to emigrate to Illinois, in preference to Kan-
i or Nebraska.
Jl®" A fashionable lady in Buffalo said to a
friend: "My new house, directing, is to be
sublimated and splendiferous. There is to
be a Porto Rico in front, a Pizarro in the
rear, and a lemonade all around it. The
water is to come i n at the side of the house
iti an anecdote, the lawn is to be degraded,
and some large trees are to be supplanted
in the critic in the rear."—Various Ex-
changes.
Kxow Nothings and Irish Domestics.—If
the "Know Nothing" principles ever obtain in
this country. there will be one good result here-
from that is little thought o£ American girls
must' be substituted in the kitchen for Irish
help. Pianos must be played less, and pots
and kettles irtust be looked after more, fewer
silks will be needed, and more calicoes used;
less walking in the suds about wash-tubs, and
then when a man marries, he will marry a wife
—one that can cook his dinner, wash his shirts,
and mend his clothes—and not an overgrown
baby to sit in the parlor, spend money with-
out thinking that it must be earned, and play
lady til1, husbands are bankrupt. Most men
will go the native movement thus far, at least;
but how many mothers will approve it?—how
many daughters will vote for this new era 2—
Nepoburyport Herald.
!gk,Sir Bayle Roche was the droll of the
Irish House of Commons—the Sibthorp, but
more amusing than his- English counterpart.
Indignant at receiving small bottles from his
wine merchant, he took occasion to suggest
to Parliament that, by law, "every quart
bottle should hold a quart."
One of his invitations to an Irish noble-
man was amusingly equivocal: " I hope, my
lord, if ever you come within a mile of my
house, you'll stay there all night."
and if it be granted that an
taken to the Supreme Court.
applied for,
appeal will be
A Traitor Assassinated.—Castanedo,
the betrayer of Lopez, was assassinated at
Havana on the 12th inst. He was shot dead
while playing at billiards at a coffee-house
known as "Martey Belona," with a pistol,
loaded with two balls or slugs, one of which
entered into the back part of his head, and
the other about two inches down into the
neck or shoulder.
The man who shot him is not known, but
there is little doubt that some hired assassin
did the deed.
bn a
New York.—Eighteen thous-
i in the city of Tew York live un-
der inland—that is to say, in cellars, vaults,
and Aofc*. So Rev. Mr. Cuyler asserts, and
M. information is said to be derived from ac-
investigation. He tells of one neglected
angle lodging room or den—in
hundred outcasts of both sexes
ther, indiscriminately, every night,
be called life in New York under-
pompous epi-
" ~t the
Sambo's Criticism.—The
Mb of a cloee-fisted citizen closed with the
fiSUnringpassage of Scripture: "He that
m^t te the poor, lendeth to the Lord."
"Dat may be so," soliloquized Sambo,
"bttVen dat man died, de Lord didn't
na red cent!"
gti
Om to the Great Causes op Hard
Times.—We ship too much of our gold coin
to Europe—and why? Because we import
ton millions more than we ought. If the la-
£h of the United States would wear cotton
fi&rica, and encourage our own staple pro-
1 four years, every merchant, me
' laborer would feel the
r&eet, sad there would be an end of
~ t and hard times.
of Thomas Hawk,
Sarah J. Dove. By
•On the
I Vt., to
OurJim.
It iart often that
i that yon see
8o queer a kind of love,
► what a savage be must be
Te Tommy-Hoick a Dovtl
Boston Post.
A Trap for a Troublesome Tongue.—
Sheridan was one day very much annoyed by
a fellow-member of the House of Commons
who kept crying out every few minutes,
"hear ! hear 1" During the debate he took
occasion to describe a political cotemporary
that wished to play the rogue, but had only
sense enough to play the fool. " Where,"
exclaimed he with great emphasis, " where
shall we find a more foolish knave or more
knavish fool than he?" "Hear! hear!"
was shouted by the troublesome member.
Sheridan turned round and thanked him for
the prompt information, and sat down amid
a roar of laughter.
A Rich Darkey.—It is said that the
ivate fortune of the black Emperor of Hayti,
mlouque, is 82,000,000. A letter in the
New York Evening Post says that he owns
six large distilleries, with sugar plantations
attached to them, for the making of rum, &c.
~ aides this, he has some sixty stores and
tenements in Port-au-Prince, and is also buying
and building all the time. Quite recently he
purchased a new plantation at the coast of
$60,000.
fie is a shrewd trader, and, although he
spends large sums in personal adornment and
domestic luxury, is all the time saving. If
he continues to live twenty years, and be not
interfered with, he may be the richest monarch
in the world. As it is he is the richest ne-
gro, by all odds.
A Scotch Know Nothing is called a Dinna
Ken. In French the words are said to be
Sail Kien. In Dutch Nix fusch ta. In
Choctaw, Chick-a-ma-fcna. In the original
Arabic, FJiophi-pho-phumm.
Era® the naltiowr# Patriot,
Experimental Emancipation.
We have nqt been surprised at the letters
of Qan, Washington in fever of emunaipa-
lion: no? the oo-lnoldent opinion of Mr.
Jefferson, still less than either at the mueh
quoted prediction of Mr. Randolph, that
«' the master would flee from and abandon
the slave." Those were the opiuions of the
period in whieh they were uttered j they wore
compounded of phflanthrophy, and a convic-
tion that slave labor in the eounrry to which
it was then oonflnod, was not worth tho cost
of superintendence. Tho moral obligations
to emancipate the slave, has beou, howevor,
greatly crowned by the reault of experimen-
tal abolition, whilst tho invention of the cot-
ton gin, the immonse demand whieh has
sprung up for tho staplos of tho South, and
the improved capacity which the slaves are
deriving from tho great manual labor School,
have imparted to that property a value, that
renders tho policy recommended by our fore,
fathers, inapplicabte to the existing condition
of things. But it is not our purpose to des-
cent upon the propriety of the opinion to
which we have referred. Some of the same
great authorities were opposed at one time ±o
any separation from the mother country. We
desire to submit to those who favor immedi-
ate abolition, the following narrative of ex-
perimental abolition. An experiment made
under fairest circumstances, and yet attended
with the most lamentable failure. We do not
affirm that the same result would follow in
every case; but with this illustration of an
invariable result, so far as we have heard
wherever the experiment of manumission has
been tjied in a slaveholding conyuunity, and
with the statistical exhibit of the condition of
the freed men, in a nou-slaveholding commu-
nity, we may ask those who prescribed eman-
cipation as a duty, to explain the disposition
which can be made of the slave, if it should
become the policy of the South to adopt their
advice. The narrative which follows has been
furnished from a source perfectly authentic,
but it presents results so inevitable—it coin-
cides so exactly with what we have ourselves
seen id similar communities, that it carries
an internal impress of unexaggerated proba-
bility. We wul not anticipate the excellent
comments with which the narrative is inter-
spersed. Every rational friend of emancipa-
tion must, We think, bo convinced from every
example which it has as yet presented, that
great as may be in their imagination the evils
of slavery, those of indiscreet emancipation
are scarcely less.
a free negro community-
Richard Randolph, eldest Brother of John
Randolph, of Roanoke; died in the year 1796,
at " Bizarre "—the name of the large estate
bequeathed him by his father, John Ran-
dolph, Sen., and lying on the head waters of
the Appomattox river, near the town of
Farmville, Va. He is represented to have
been a man of talents scarcely inferior to
those of his celebrated brother, and extraodi-
nary goodness of character. Ententaining
the opinion then general in the South, and
especii&y in Virginia, that slavery was a
curse Inke to master and servant, Mr. R.
liberated his slaves by will, and made ample
provisions for their maintenance. Owing to
pecuniary embarrassments, the provisions of
the will were not carried into execution, un-
til fifteen years afterwards, and not until many
of the slaves had beep sold to liquidate the
heavy mortgages which restec^npon the estate.
About 1811, John Randolph, who had as-
sumed ihe maaiigciaeafof Ks^rGthtfr'ssffdTr,/
removed to the county of Charlotte, and the
negroes, variously estimated at from one hun-
dred to one hundred and thirty in number,
entered upon the enjoymentof their freedom.
A portion of the Bizarre estate, consisting
of some three hundred and fifty, (some say
five {hundred) acres, partially cleared, well
timbered, and well watered, was divided into
sections of fifty and twenty-five acres, each;
and upon these sections the various families,
according to the number and age of the indi-
viduals composing them, were settled—those
having aged and infirm parents to support,
received more, and those not having these in-
cumbrances, less land. All were provided
with means to build themselves houses, and
with agricultural implements to till the soil.
Fairly settled in the land of promise—the
Canaan to which they gave it the name of
"Israel Hill"—an appellation, whieh ex-
plains the sanguine anticipations and religious
tone which guided them to its choice. No
doubt they looked forward to the time when
Israel Hill should be a thriving and popu-
lous village—" a city set upon a hill"—shin-
ing gloriously to the eyes of their children
and brethren in bondage, as did the Delecti-
ble mountains to Bunyon's Pilgrim.
Here, then, they were left to work their
destiny, and here, indeed, if ever, it was to
have been expected that the African would
thrive and prosper, and fulfil the expectations
which prompted his noble master to set them
free. The conditions of the experiment were
pre-eminently favorable for the manumitted—
and the elements of success surrounding them
numerous—and such as can never again be
brought to bear upon them in any future ex-
periment. They were the choice servants of
one of the most aristocratic humane and culti-
vated families in the State, reserved from
sale because of the excellence of their dispo-
sitions, their fidelity and their industry.
They had enjoyed the advantage of associa-
tion with the intelligent whites, they were
taught the principle of the christian religion.
They were trained to the habits of lobor, and
were settled upon fertile land in a temperate
climate. Fuel and water were abundant.
They were surrounded by kindly disposed
neighbors, who gave them employment at
harvest, and at many other times during the
year; who ministered to their wants in sick-
ness, and who gave them advice in matters of
business. And more than all all, they were
not brought into competition with white la-
bor—the bane of the Afrecan who settles in
the free Stetes. Under these propitious cir-
cumstances it was reasonable to expect that
the little colony would have gone on to pros-
per—that this miniature Liberia would have
become rich, prosperous and fertile—the par-
ent of other colonies to the free States—that
the system of parcel-culture would have made
every inch of the soil productive—that Israel
Hill would have become a handsome village,
surrounded with orchards and gardens, and
sheltered by luxuriant shade trees. The
philanthropist who shared the opinions and
the hopes of Richard Randolph, would have
expected to have heard in this village the
sound of the hammer, the saw, the plane, the
church going bell—the evidence of the thrift,
of industry and of good morals. But now
that forty years have passed .away, what are
the facts of the case ? How has the experi-
ment succeeded ?
The traveler on the Southside Railroad
passes through the centre of Israel Hill,
without being aware of its presence. The
few miserable huts which constitute the vil-
lage, are not attractive enough to retain his
attention for fmore than a moment and he
passes on ignorant of the lesson which a mis-
taken philanthropy might have taught him.
The visitor to the neighborhood, who has the
curiosity or interest, to inquire into the re-
sults of this unhappy experiment, will be
saddened by its details. He will find that a
healthy, happy, moral community of slaves
have from the day of their liberation degene-
rated until they have become a diseased, de-
praved miserable people—a curse to them-
selves, and a pest to their neighbors.
The men are drunkards, the women prosti-
tutes, the children scrofulous and syphilitic.
Almost all steal. There are honorable excep-
tions to this rule, but they consist mainly of
the original settiers^-men and women who
had reached years of discretion, before they
were llberrted, and whose habits were formed
while they were slaves, The wen are utter*
ly corrupt. So ft? from Increasing In point
of number, they have decreased j and it is
the opinion of all who have looked Into the
matter, that disease will eventually extermi*
nato them. In 1850, it is said they num-
bered about as many as were originnlly libe-
rated—say ISO; and now—'in 1854, they
are gonorally supposed to number 100, or
less; some have placed them as low as 85.
In consequence of their vicious habits, many
of tho womon aro barren j the ohildron as bo-
fore stated, poisoned from thoir birth.
Hence, it may bo roudily believed that tho
average yearly mortality among them, is equal
to that of Narmville—a plaoe more than ton
times as populous—and some years it is muoh
greater. With tho indolence and improvi-
dence characteristic of their raco, thoy'hsvo
wantonly destroyed their woodlands; have
exhausted their soil by unsystematic and im-
proper culture j have suffered their houses and
enclosures to decay; have contented them-
selves with the production of the bare neces-
sities of existence; and have as yet given no
evidence that the germ of progress or improve-
ment, ever existed in their unhappy natures.
The money derived from the sale of their
crops is invested in whiskey; and the ill got-
ten gains of booty purloined from the neigh-
boring gentry, is expended in the same way.
They grow nothing except Indian corn and
tobacco, with a few potatoes and peas; these
scanty crops maintain a doubtful contest with
the crab grass, carrot wood, briars, and other
ill-favored products of an impoverished soil.
These spring luxuriantly around their cabin
doors. Wheat they never grow.
The idea of planting an orchard, a vegeta-
ble or flower garden, seems never to have en-
tered their heads. Nothing like system, or-
der, prudence, economy, or forecast, is percep-
tible among them. It would be silly to talk
of refinement in connection with such a peo-
ple. Idle, dishonest, drunken profligate, it
is not to be wondered that this community
should be the theatre of scenes of destitution,
disorder, immortality and crime, sufficient to
cause the bones of the good Randolph to turn
in his grave, and such as to call for the fre-
quent interposition of the neighboring plan-
ters, and not unfrequently that of the coun-
ty authorities. Thus we hear in one case of
two sisters, one of whom makes a midnight
foray into the corn patch of the other, and
pulls the entire crop up by the roots. In
another, we are told of an old woman starving
to death; and, in another, of a sickly, poor
creature, placed under the charge of a drunk-
en woman who goes to town to buy whiskey,
leaving her charge to die of sheer neglect,
Reports of broils and battles are common;
scarcely a day passes without some' of the
adjacent farmers being called in to interfere
in behalf of some of the oppressed inhabitants
of this wretched community. But yesterday,
two of the Israelitish women came to the
house where the writer of this article is so-
journing, to lodge a complaint against a fugi-
tive slave who was harbored in the hill, and
who had suddenly rushed upon them, threat-
ening to cut off their heads with a scythe
blade which he held in his uplifted hand.
Such is a fairly drawn picture of Israel
Hill in 185-1-, after more than forty years of
freedom; and such are some of'the disastrous
consequences of an impolitic and" unwise
philanthrophy. Had these people remained
slaves, who can doubt but that their destiny
in this lifoj and perhaps in the life to eo
would have been far different, far happier.
The humiliating results of the well intended
benevolence of .Richard Randolph, are fraught
with no salutory lessou for the negrophilist;
but they may serve to confirm the intelligent
slaveholder; to warn the inexperienced advo-
cate of emancipation; and to rebuke the
many who shake with laughter at the idea of
a republic in France, yet believe in the ca-
pacity of the negro for the enjoyment of Re-
publican freedom.
The Acquisition of a Port from Do-
minica.—Our telegraph despatches announce
the cession to the United States of the desired
port on the Dominican end of the • Island of
St. Domingo. It has been known for some
time in Washington, that the Government
have been in daily expectation of the receipt
of this important news.
With the port in question in our hands,
and properly fortified, we have only so to will
it, and no other power on earth, except Spain
or ourselves, can possess Cuba!— Wash. Star.
The port believed to be ceded to the Uni-
ted States is supposed to be Samana. It is
a small Island separated from the North
coast of St. Domingo by a narrow channel
and by low marshy grounds. The point of
the Island is called Cape Samana. The pos-
session of the Island, supposing it to be
sufficiently healthy, will certainly be advan-
tageous to us, even though the Star's state-
ment may be somewhat exaggerated. It is
said there are valuable gold and silver mines
not far distant, whieh have not been worked
for a long time, owing to the incapacity,
want of machinery, or poverty of the natives.
American enterprise would, however, soon
overcome this difficulty; and if any thing
could Be made out of the mines, the Yan-
kees would make it. Anglo-Saxon energy is
the very thing needed in the West India Is-
lands. Wc shall await further developments
with considerable anxiety, for the subject is
a novel and interesting one.—Bulletin.
jggf5 A gentleman about sixty years of
age, doing a large importing business in
South street New \ork and residing on one of
the fashionable avenues in this city for some
months suspected his wife, a very handsome
young woman, searcely out of her " teens!"
with being on more than friendly terms with
the son of a wealthy neighbor. On Thursday
morning he announced his intention to leave
town on business, and not return until the
following morning. He however, did return
sooner than was expected (about eleven
o'clock at night,) and unlocked the back hall
door with his night-key, not stopping even to
ring the bell, and crept stealthily to the door
of his room on the second floor and looked
through the key hole, when he saw a light and
imagined that he also saw objects moving in
the room. He listened for some moments,
and finally heard suppressed whisperings.—
One of the voices he thought was a man's.—
His patience now became entirely exhausted,
and he attempted to open the door, but found
it securely locked on the inside.
He listened again but all was silent. Deter-
mined on knowing the worst, he took from his
pocket a revolver, and demanded admission
to the room. Ilis demand not being complied
with as soon as he thought it should be, he
burst open the door, and onjdoingso discovered
something white leaning on one of the win-
dows of the bed room. He ran to the window
looked out, saw, something white and dischar-
ged one barrel of the revolver at what he
took to be his neighbor's son, as he was
scaling the fence of his yard, without any
other article than his linen on. On looking
about the room, the injured husband espied
snugly piled up on a chair at the foot of the
bed, a pair of pants in the pocket of which
was a portc monaie, containing 8103, a vest,
coat and cravat, and on the floor a pair of
patent leather boots and pair of socks, and on
the bureau a hat and fine gold watch, which
he says the owner can have by calling for and
proving property. His wife, during these
discoveries, said nothing, but wept most
bitterly. Efforts are being nftde by the
friends of the parties to settle the affair, with-
out bringing their names before the public.—
New York Sun.
The nerwomimtbsir Domestic po*
Uey.
From ft work that ha been published by
Benj. 0, Ferris, late Secretary of Utah Tor*
rltory, we make the following extract s
" The effect upon population is decidedly
deleterious. The prophet Joseph had over
forty wives at Nauvoo, and the rest of the
priesthood had various numbers, correspond*
tug to their standing and inclinations j and
nearly all the ohildreu of those polygamous
marriagos died at that placo; indeed, it is al-
leged by Mormons that not one wtta taken to
Utah. Brigham Young has thirty children,
of whom eight aro by his first and second
lawful wivos; tho remaining twonty-two are
by his spirituals. He has about fifty wivos,
some of whom wore widows of Joseph Smith,
and are probably past tho time of having
ohildron; but supposing him to have thirty
who are capable of having issuc, which is be-
low the truo number, the twenty-two children
would be less than one child to a 'concubine.
If each one of these degraded females could
have boon the honored wife of one husband,
the aggregate number of children, according
to the usual average of four in a family,,
would be one hundred and twenty, showing
a loss in population of ninety-eight.
" The children are subject to a frightful
degree of sickness and mortality. This is
the combined result of the gross sensuality
of the parents, and want of care to their off-
spring. As a general rule, these saintly pre-
tenders take as little care of their wives as of
their children; and, of both, less than a caro-
ful farmer in the States would of his oattle;
and^iowhere out of the "Five Points" in
New York can a more filthy, miserable, neg-
lected looking and disorderly rabble of chil-
dren be found than in the streets of the Great
Salt Lake City. The Governor, again, whose
attention to his family we are bound to sup-
pose greater than the average, affords a fair
illustration. He was twice lawftdly married,
and has eight legitimate children, who are all
living. He has had a number of children by
his concubines, no one knows how many; it
is only known that there are twenty-two sur-
viving. These females do not reside in the
Governor's house, so called, but in different
establishments—from one up to a dozen in a
place.
" Their system of plurality has obliterated
nearly all sense of decency, and would seem
to be fast leading to an intercourse open
and promiscuous as the cattle in the fields.
A man living in common with a dozen dirty
Arabs, whether he calls them wives or con-
cubines, cannot have a very nice sense of
propriety. It is difficult to give a true ac-
count of the effects which have resulted from
this cause, and, at the same time, preserve
decency of language* The Saints are pro-
gressive. Last year, (1852,) they seriously
discussed the subject of introducing a new
order into the church, by which the wives of
absent missionaries might be sealed to Saints
left at home. There are numbers of cases in
which a man has taken a widow and her
daughter for wives at the same time. One
has a widow and her two daughters. There
are also cases of the niece being sealed to the
uncle; and they excite no more attention than
.any ordinary case. How far the plague-spot
is to spread in this direction remains to be
seen. Brigham Young stated in the pulpit
in 1832, that the time might come, when for
the sake of keeping the lineage of the priest-
hood unbroken, marriage would be confined
to the same families, as, for instance, the son
of .one mother would marry ths daughter of
another by the same father. There has been
some talk of going even beyond this, and al-
low the father to seal his own daughter to
himself.
" The high priest dignitaries of the church,
are exceedingly skillful in procuring young
girls for wives. They inculcate the idea that
elderly members, who have been tried and
found faithful, are surer instruments of sal-
vation than the young, who may apostatize;
and as marriage to one who remains steadfast
to the end is essential to escape from being
mere angels, a great many young women arc
fooled into this bubbling and seething caul-
dron of prostitution. Elder Wilford Wood-
ruff, one of the twelve apostles, has a regu-
lar system of changing his harem. He takes
in one or more young girls, and so manages,
after he tires of them, that they arc glad to
ask for a divorce, after which he beats the
bush for recruits, lie took a fresh one about
fourteen years old in March, and will proba-
bly get rid of her in the course of the en-
suing summer. These manoeuvres are prac-
ticed, more or less by the whole gang; the
girls .discarded by one, become sealed to oth-
ers, and so travel the entire rounds; and
when they accomplish tho whole circuit, and
are ready to start anew, they have a profound-
ly " realizing sense" of female modesty, to
say nothing of some of its adjuncts."
Business at Galveston.
The Civilian gives the following pictures
of the animation displayed in business at
Galveston.
Business is unusually lively for the sea-
son in Galveston. Although country mer-
chants and planters are kept away by the fear
of siekness, many orders are received from the
interior, and goods in considerable quantities
are going forward. There are eleven square-
rigged vessels in port, discharging and re-
ceiving cargoes, seven or eight steamers,
similarly employed, or undergoing repairs,
preparatory to the river trade for the season;
besides quite a fleet of scooners and small
craft. The steamer Harris is getting ready
for the canal and Brazos river trade, and some
others will be ready to follow, if they do not
get ahead of her. Several boats, both here
and at the ship yards on the upper bay, are
preparing for the Trinity trade. There is a
fine prospect for early navigation; and we
hope to see an early season for the transaction
of business. Already our wharves present a
very animated appearance. Yesterday mor-
ning we were particularly gratified at the
scene. Between the sounds of the saws and
hammers of the mechanies employed in ex-
tending and improving the wharves and
warehouses; the "yo, heave yo," of thesailors
and stevedores; the songs of the negro firemen;
the blowing of steam; the rattling drays, and
the handling of heavy merchandize, the sights
and sounds of industry and enjoyment were
of the most pleasing kind. Throughout the
city the same favorable aspect is presented.
The stores of the retail dealers we all life and
activity, and all mechanical and industrial
pursuits seem equally favored. Many fine
buildings are in progress, both public and
private, including a number of elegant resi-
dences, an evidence of the prosperity as well
as the taste of the proprietors. Our citizens
never appeared more buoyant with hope and
enterprise than at present.
In Prison for Debt.—The Woburn
(Massaehusets) Journal says that there is a
poor debtor in the Cambridge jail who has
been there since last April from inability to
pay a claim of 823 made against him by a
lawyer of Boston. The debtor has a wife and
four children in destitute circumstances.—
Had the unfortunate prisoner been a fugitive
slave instead of a white man too poor to pay
a trifling debt, the "philanthropists" of Bos-
ton and Cambridge would very probably have
incited a reckles mob to attack the jail and
murder the officer while attempting to uphold
the laws. The "lawyer of Boston" too, would,
it is likely, have volunteered his services to
defend the mobites. But the case of the
poor debtor exites none of the sympathies of
these modern philanthropists.
population, mot at the
uwUes, on Monday, the
Proceedings oft lie Convention.
IHjrsuant to previous notloe the Convex
tion of the counties of Western Texas which
had taken action on the subject of tho inse-
curity of the slave populatl
Court Hou*o in Gom
23d inst., at 3 o'clock P. M.
On motion of Gen, A. H. Jones, tho Con-
vention was organised by calling Colonel An-
drew Neill, of Guadalupe connty, to the
chair, and appointing L. H. Russell' Esq,,
of Gonsalos, Seoretary, Upon a call of tho
counties whieh had appointed delegates, the
following gentlemen presented tiiemsolvos as
delegates, to-wlt:
Btxur.—Col. Jno. A. Wiloox and T. H.
Strsbling Esq.
Guadalupe—Col. Andrew Noill, Joshua
W. Young aud T. C. Creenwood, Esq.
Travis—George L. Walton, Esq.
Jfni/n—Dr. Wm. Thompson.
Caldwell.—Dr. D. F. Brown.
Conzalcs.—Gon. A. H. Johns, Hon. 8.
II. Dardcn, Judge Ed. Bellinger, Wm. H.
Stewart, Esq., Dr. J. L. Johnson, L. Clove-
land, Ben Weoks, John Mooncy and L. H.
Russell.
On motion it was resolved that such gen-
tlemen present from counties whioh had cho-
sen dolegates (and who were not in atten-
dance) as were favorable to the objects and
would consent to act, were then invitod to
take soats; whereupon the followinggontlemen
came forward and took seats—viz :
De Witt.-—Dr. J. A Wimbush and Jacob
Carrol.
Lavaca.—W. T. Rogers and L. T. Harris,
Esqrs.
Fayette.—L. F. Price, and R, M. Tevis,
rs.
n motion ofT. H. Stribling, Esq., Gen.
T. N. Waul, of Gonzales, Was invited to a seat
in the Covention
The Chairman then arose and stated the
objects for which the Convention had been
called, in a clear, forcible and concise man-
ner, and impressing upon the Convention
the necessity of rigid police regulations
On motion of T. H. Stribling, Esq., of
Bexar, it was resolved that a committee of
one member from each county represented,
be appointed to report resolutions for the ac-
tion of the Convention. Wh&reupon the fol-
lowing delegates were named:
Mesars. T. H. Stribling, A. H. Jones, T.
C. Greenwood, D. F. Brown, J. A. Wim-
bush, W. T. Rogers, L. F. Prince, George L.
Walton and Wm. Thompson; and on further
motion, Messrs. Waul, Young, and the chair-
man were added thereto.
On motion, the Editor of the Gonzales In-
quirer was invited to a seat at the Secretary's
table to take a report of the proceedings.
On motion the Convention adjourned, to
allow the committee time to report, until
Tuesday, 2 o'clock P. M.
Tuesday, 2 o'clock p. m.
The Convention was called to order by the
chairman, at the hour, and the following
additional delegates appeared from Guadalupe
county: Dr. Jno. M. Andersen and Col. F.
Smith.
The committee appointed on yesterday,
through Mr. Stribling, the chairman, repor-
ted as a majority report, in which they had
not all concurred, the following resolutions
which being read, on motion, the report
was received, and the resolutions taken up
separately, and were severally adopted—to-
wit:
Whereas, from the frequent abduction and
escaping of slaves from W estern Texas, into
the Republic of Mexico, it has become neces-
sary for the people to meet in Convention to
devise ways and means for the better security
of said slaves, therefore, be it
Resolved 1st, That it is recommended to
the citizens of each county, to appoint twenty
discreet citizens, to compose a committee of
vigilence, whose duty it shall be to prosecute,
to the full extent of the law, all persons who
may be found abducting, or in any manner
tampering, or trading with our slave popula-
tion; and "when the law will not reach the
offence committed, that they use such other
means as the emergency of the case may re-
quire.
Resolved 2d, That all good citizens be re-
quested to report to the vigilence committee,
of his county, any suspicious persons, holding
communication, tampering, or trading with
negroes in any manner.
Resolved, 3d That all slave holders be re-
quested, to patrol rigidly their own premises,
and prohibit all intercourse between their ne-
groes and evil disposed persons.
Resolved 4th, That each slave holder be
requested to prohibit his negroes from leav-
ing his premises, without a written permit,
defining the time and object of his leave, nor
suffer other negroes to visit his premises
without permission from the owner.
Resolved 5th, That all slave holders be
requested to prohibit their slaves from ac-
quiring or holding property of any kind, es-
pecially fire arms, or any kind of weapons.
Resolved 6th, That the County Courts of
all the counties of Western Texas, be reques-
ted, forthwith, to appoint such a number of
responsible men as patrols, as they are au-
thorized to do under existing laws.
Resolved 7th, That the slave holders of
each county, be recommended to form asso-
ciations, and adopt means to recover abscond-
ing slaves, at their mutual expense.
Resolved 8th, That a committee of nine,
being one for each county, herein represen-
ted, be appointed to memorialize the next
legislature, with the view of obtaining the
passage of a law, incorporating joint stock as-
sociations in the various counties, or districts,
for mutual assurance against the loss of ne-
groes absconding, and such other laws as
may be necessary for the security and recov-
ery of our slave population.
Resolved 9th, That in order to prevent a
collusion, between our citizens and the Go-
vernment of Mexico, our Senators be reques-
ted, and our Representatives be instructed,
to impress upon our National Government,
the necessity of protecting us against Mexican
aggression, by the abduction and enfranchise-
ment of slaves from our territory.
After which Mr. Greenwood, from the
same committee, reported a minority report,
with the following resolution :
That, whereas, there are residing in our
State, a large number of persons, known as
Mexican Peons, therefore, we recommend the
various county associations, to memoralize
the legislature to enact such laws as will de-
fine their position among us, and adopt such
regulations as may render said Peons useful
as servants, or harmless as freemen.
Whieh after eliciting a warm and inter-
esting discussion, in which Messrs. Green-
wood and Young advocated, and Messrs.
Stribling Wilcox and Smith, opposed the
same, the question was taken, and the resolu-
tion was rejected.
The chairman named the fellowing dele-
gates, under the 8th resolution: Messrs.
Wilcox, for Bexar, Young, for Guadalupe,
Brown, for Caldwell, Wimbush, for DeWitt,
Harris, for Lavaca, Tevis, for Fayette, Wal-
ton, for Travis, and Thompson, for Hays
counties.
On motion, it was resolved, that the pro-
ceedings be signed by the president and sec-
retary, and a copy furnished to the Gonzales
Inquirer, with a request for publication, in
that paper, and the other papers of Western
Texas.
When, on motion, the Convention ad-
journed sine die.
A. NEILL, President.
L. H. Russell, Secretary.
The man who was injured by the dis-
charge of his duty is said to be recovering.
A Orent Country.
The following statastlos, whloh we extract
from the Boston Post, show the grounds upon
which rests the common boats that "this is a
groat country
The thirty-one States, nine territories, and
District of Columbia, comprising the United
States of America, are situated within the
tending
and on tho Pacific coast from 32 dtfga. to
dogs, and of north latitude, and contains a
googranhioal area of 3,300,808 square miles,
being but one-tenth less than the entire oon-
tinont of Europe. They contain a population
at the present time of 25,000,000, of whom
21,000,000 aro whites. The extent of its son-
coast, islands and riven to the ho4d of tide
water, is 12,609 exclusive of miles. Tho
length of ten of its principal riven is 20,000
miles. Tho surfaoo of its five groat lakos is
90,000 squaro miles. The number of miles
of railways in oporation within its limits is
20,000, constructed at a coat of8600,000,000.
The length of its canals is 5,000 miles. It
contains within its limits tho longest railway
upon the surface of the globo—tho Illinois
Central—<which is 731 milos.
The annual valuo of its agricultural pro
duotions is82,000,000,000. Its most valuable
product is Indian oorn, whioh yields annually
9400,000,000; and in surveying the agri-
cultural productions of our oountry, We are
not only struck .with their abundance, but
with their great Variety. Our territories ex-
tend from the frigid region of the north to
the genial climate of the tropios, affording
almost every variety of temperature and every
kind of grain and vegetables. Her produc-
tions range from the cold iee and hard granite
of the north, the golden corn of the west, to
the cotton and sugar of the south; and nearly
all in sufficient quantities to supply ottr
domestic consumption, and furnish large sup-
plies for exportation, thus furnishing nearly
all the value as well as the bulk of our foreign
commerce; suggesting hereby the irresistable
conclusion that agricultural is the great
transoendant interest of our countiy, and upon
which all other interests depend.
The amount of registered and enrolled ton-
nage is 4,407,010 tons. The amount
capital invested in manufactures is 8600,000,-
000. The amount of its foreign imports in
1853 was §167,978,647, and of exports §230,-
967,157. The annual amount of its internal
trade is §6,000,000,000. The annual value of
the products of labor (other than agricultural)
is §1,500,000,000. The annual value of the
incomes of its inhabitants is 81,000,000,000.
The value of its farms and live stock is 85,-
000,000,000. Its mines of gold, copper,
lead and iron are among the richest in the
world. The value of the gold produced in
California is 8100,000,000 per annum.—
The surface of its coal fields is 133,132 square
miles. Its receipts from customs, land, etc.,
in 1854 was §61,327,273, and its expendi-
tures 844,543,263. Its national domain con-
sists of 2,164,138 square miles of land. Its
national debt is but §50,000,000. The num-
ber of its banks at the present time is about
1,100, with a capital of §300,000,000. With-
in her borders are 81,000 schools, 6,000 aca-
demies, 234 colleges and 3,700 churches.—
Only one in twenty-two of its whole inhabi-
tants is unable to read and write, nineteen of
its twenty-one million of white inhabitants
are natives born.
^ AFlftb at Wblst.
We had been playing all the evening at
whist. Our stake had been gold moher
points, and twenty on the rubber. Maxey,
who is always lucky, had won five consecu-
tive bumpers, which lent a self-satisfied smile
on his countenance, and made us, the loosers,
look any thing but pleased, when he sudden-
ly changed countenance, and hesitated to
play; this the more surprised us, since he
was one who seldom pondered, being so per-
fectly master of the game that he deemed
long consideration superfluous.
" Play away, Maxey; what are you about ?"
impetuously demanded Churchill, one of the
most impetuous youth, that ever wore the
uniform of the body-guards.
" Hush!" respo nded Maxey, in a tone
which thrilled thro.ugh us, at the same time
turning deadly pale
" Are you unwell?" said another, about to
start up, for he believed our friend had sud-
denly been taken ill.
" For the love of God sit quiet!" rejoined
the other, in a tone denoting extreme fear of
pain, and he laid down his cards. "If you
value my life, move not."
"What can he mean ?—has he taken leave
of his senses?" demanded Churchill, appeal-
ing to myself.
" Don't start, don't move, I tell you!" in
a sort of whisper I never can forget, ut-
tered Maxey. "If you make any sudden
movement, I'm a dead man."
We exchanged looks. He continued—
" Remain quiet, and all may yet be Well.
I have a cobra cabella round my leg."
Our first impulse was to draw back our
chairs; but an appealing look from the victim
induced us to remain, although we were
aware that should the reptile transfer but one
fold, and attach himself to any other of
the party, that individual might already be
counted as a dead man, so fatal is the bite of
that dreadful monster.
Poor Maxey was dressed as many old resi-
dents still dress in India—namely, in breech-
es and silk stockings; he therefore the more
plainly felt every movement of the snake.—
His countenance assumed a livid hue; the
words seemed to leave his mouth without that
feature altering its position—so rigid was his
look, so fearful was he lest the slightest muscu-
lar movement should alarm the rerpent, and
hasten his fatal bite.
We were in agony little less than his own
during the scene.
" He is coiling round!" murmured Maxey;
" I feel him cold—cold to my limb; and how
he tightens! For the love of heaven call for
some milk! I dare not speak loud; let it be
placed on the ground near me, and let some
be spilt on the floor."
Churchill cautiously gave the order, and a
servant slipped noiselessly out of the room.
"Don't stir—Norhcote, you moved your
head. By every thing saored I conjure you
not to do so again! It cannot be long ere
my fate is decided. I have a wife and two
children in Europe; tell them I died bles-
sing them—that my last prayera were for
them;—the snake is winding itself round my
calf;—I leave them all I possess—I can al-
most fancy I feel his breath. Great God to
die in such a manner!"
The milk was brought and carefully put
down; a few drops were sprinkled on the
floor, and the affrighted servants drew back.
Again Maxey spoke.
" No, no, it has no effect! on the contrary
he has clasped himself tighter—he has un-
curled his upper fold! I dare not look
down, but I am sure he is about to draw
back and give me the bite of death
with more fatal precision. Receive me, O
Lord! pardon me, my last hour has come!
Again he pauses. I die firm; but this is
past endurance; ah, no; he has undone ano-
ther fold, and lossens himself. Can he be
going to some one else?"
We involuntarily started.
"For the love of Hoaven, stir not; I'm a
dead man; but bear with me. He still loos-
ens; he is about to dart! move not, but be-
ware, Churchill, he falls off that way. Oh,
this agony is too hard to bear. Another
pressure, and I am dead. No; he relaxes!'
At that moment poor Maxey ventured to
look down; the snake had unwound himself;
monarchy
that the first blow
coming election# in New
Public Dinner.—Gen. ]
a public dinner tendered by his fellow-cituea
of Nacogdoches. The subjoined is an Mfew*
from his reply : iT.ih,
Texas in taking her position ■ ® 8C
States of the Union, not only
tain obligations which she has so ar oMttrfttfl*
met but acquired a dear right to demand
from the Government of the United States
the performance of many reciprocal duties in
the highest degree important towards the
developement of the resources and the futoi*
prosperity and welfare of the State. In view
of all the circumstances, there is perfaapB no
State in the Union with stronger claims upon
the General Government than-the State of
Texas.
We have an extended frontier to protect
against the Indians, a coast of several hund-
reds of miles, susceptible of great improve-
ments, neoessary to meet the wants of com-
merce and millitary defence; rivera penataa-
ting two hundred and Seventy thousand 34™**
miles of territory, of larger produotwe cap*
bilities than any* other tract of equal
on the continent j and if not the
cable, at least by far the bestrwte
Railway from toe Atlantic to the Psmao, an
improvement necessary to the Gov gj^ptntjP
many points of view, and araofclilfr
pensifcle as a means of "common wliifWHe
" j vaif ' 4
the last cull had fMten, and the raptUo vtt
making for the milk.
" I am saved !—saved!'' and Massy boon*
ded from his chair, and Ml senseless into
the arms of one of his servants. Zn another
Instant, need it be added, wo vara all dis-
persed; the wake was killed, and oar poof
Mend carried wore dead than alive to Us
room.
That scene I oan never foimtj It dwells
on my momoiy still, strengthened by tho
fete of Maxey, who from that hoar pinod in
hopeless imbecility, and sank into an sariy
r <■;
Final Disruption of tfcs OM Wklg
Party.
Daniel Webster pronounoed vpon tho party
whose strongest bulwark ha had bean, the
oracular sentence that after November. 186Sj
it would have oeasod to exist. With ids pro-
phetic glance, he had foreaoen events wrapped
in the womb of that yo&r'a oonteet, and hioden
to tho public eye. The hour of deliveiy &af
oomo. The nominations for State omoers
which have been made by tho whig party with-
in tho last few weeks are completing the work
of doBtruotion foretold by tho Mnwaehnsetto
statesman. Far and wido, tho adoption of
Clark, Raymond, FiUhugh, and Bosnia by
the Whig Convention of Now York, and tho
oreotion of a platform in aooordsaoe with the
well known tendencies of these persons, haVff
riven tho old wbie party into shreds, and ant
every man's hand against his follow. Total
disruntion oannot fell to follow in the
of a few woeks. '
The whip
have frankr
from their j
not only," sayB the Richmond Whig, " dis-
annual all present connoction with such whigs
at the Syracuse Convention represents, but
we will co-operate without reference to psrty,
with any and all good men and true who an
resolved to stand by the Union, and maintain
its legitimate and constitutional action in its
proper sphere." "We can hold no fellowship
with such a set of men," says the Danville
Register (whig); "It' matters not" with lit
what may be their politioal appellation, we
repudiate all party affiliation with them."—
Scores of other Southern whig journals hold
the same language. The Roanoke RepubKoaM
"claims no fellowship with t&e New York
whigs." The Piedmont Mfhig and others
copy the remarks of the Richmond Whig
and adopt them as their own.
the South, so for asit has been heard :
the action* of the late cenvontion- is
as having severed the last link which i
the Northern and Southern whigB, and <
ved the party name of any practical importance
or signification.
Nor are these symptoms of dissolution <
fined to the South, whose material '
might be said to have forced upon her the
independent position she has assumed. A
strong cry has arisen from the conservative
whigs of the North, whose moral principle is
shocked at the attempt to pervert their party
faith. The Courier and Enquirer Is dissatis-
fied with the platform and the ticket. The
Commercial Advertiser, in an article marked
by for more than its usual vigor, points out
that the candidates arrayed under the whig
banners, are abolitionists, not whigB; and
unequivocally warns them that they cinnot
expect the undivided support of the whigs of
this State. " W here are whig principles, and
where is the whig party?" is the'gist of an
article in the Rochester Daily American,
which, if it have any influenoe, must b« re-
garded as a hostile movement again*; Jhe
ticket paraded over the editorial' columns hr~
which it appears, The Buffalo Commercial
Advertiser is bewildered by the turn affairs
have taken. With the evidence as plain as
day-light before its eyes, it cannot believe
that the whig candidates have proved So faith-
less as to abandon the flag of the national
whig party. Yet we all known they have
done so in the plainest and most straightfor-
ward way in the world.
In sober truth, these old standard bearers
of a fallen party, like the Scottish jacobites
who sang "Over the water to Charlie," and
pledged "Prince Edward " long after he was
in his grave, must eventually realize the fal-
lacy of their tenacious hopes, and discover
that they are clinging to a corpse. South
and West, and in a great portion of the East
and North, the whig party has received its
death-blow from the action of the Syracuse
Convention, and the subsequent conduct of
the whig nominees. From the effects of that
blow, it is hardly possible that whiggism oan
recover. There never can be a great national
party in this republic based on a principle of
sectional hostility to one half the Union. The
moment whiggism becomes a mere' convertible
term with abolition, there can be no such
thing as a national whig. The name may
still survive in the records of sectional factions,
and the old banners may still float over some
scattered remnants of a once powerful party,
now shivered into petty, contemptible cliques:
but the significance of theone and the prestige
of the other will have fled forever. The
people of the United States will need to find
some other name, and some other party flag
to take the plaoe of the whigs, and divide the
nation with the democrats. In great national
contests there is no place for section camba-
tants. Constitutional governments ean only
be worked usefully by rival parties; but each
and all of these must agree on certain fun-
damenial principles, or the contest between
them eeases to be constitutional, and revolu-
tion. The war between the frhigs and demo-
crats of the United States' has reached that
point. To gain their own ambitions ends,
William H. Seward and his friends have
broken up the whig party, driven their part
of it beyond the pale of constitutional opposi-
tion and forced it into an attitude of open
revolution. Between them and the demoorats
there can now be no legitimate warfare.—
They are not such antagonists as it is fit to
meet in the open field* They have forfeited
every claim to be delt With on equal terms.
In ccasing to be whigs, they have ceased to
command any right to the privileges of a
legitimate political party. We must deal
with them as we would-with a faction which
should claim to subvert our republican oonsti-
tuiion and replace it by a monarchy. It
mut not be forgotten
be struck at the con
York.—Herald.
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Ford, John S. The Texas State Times (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 49, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 4, 1854, newspaper, November 4, 1854; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth235734/m1/1/: accessed May 8, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.