Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 89
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THE UNITED STATES WINS WORLD LEADERSHIP IN WAR
taken from the east, west and south. . . . We recog-
nize fully the supreme responsibility resting upon us
and all the United Nations to make a peace which
will command the good will of the overwhelming mass
of the peoples of the world and banish the scourge
and terror of war for many generations. . . . We
came here with hope and determination. We leave
here, friends in fact, in spirit and in purpose.
This declaration indicated, more than spelled
out, the cooperation of the three allies-America,
Britain, and the Soviet Union. The military con-
clusions were not made public until
Plans for March 24, 1947 when they were
future action revealed by the United States. In
adopted at brief, the Big Three agreed to sup-
Tehran port the partisans in Yugoslavia;
expressed the hope that Turkey
could be induced to come into the war on the
allied side before the end of the year; noted that
the invasion of Western Europe would take place
in May 1944 and that an operation against
Southern France would be mounted in conjunc-
tion with OVERLORD;7 recorded the fact that
the Soviets would launch an offensive against the
Nazis to coincide with the Anglo-American opera-
tions; and planned that the military staffs would
keep closely in touch with one another as well as
develop cover plans to mystify the enemy.
As another outcome of the Tehran conference
a significant declaration on Iran was issued.
THREE-POWER DECLARATION ON IRAN,
TEHRAN, DECEMBER 1, 1943: . . . The [allied]
Governments . . . recognize the assistance which Iran
has given . . . particularly by facilitat-
The ing the transportation of supplies from
question of overseas to the Soviet .Union. . . . they
Iran are agreed that they will continue to
make available to . . . Iran such eco-
nomic assistance as may be possible. . . . The [three]
Governments . . . are at one with the Government of
Iran in their desire for the maintenance of the in-
dependence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of
Iran. . . .
This declaration was of special importance after
the war when the United Nations felt it neces-
sary to direct the attention of the Soviet Union
to its pledges under the 1943 Tehran declaration.
Before returning to the United States, President
Roosevelt went again to Cairo where he and Mr.
Churchill conferred with President Ismet Inonu
of Turkey, December 4-6, 1943. The efforts of the
This was the international code name assigned to the invasion
from the United Kingdom, tentatively aimed at Northern France.two western statesmen to bring Tur-
The second key into the war against Germany
Cairo were unsuccessful. However, they
Conference, received assurances of Turkish sup-
1943 port short of actual fighting. The
President also met briefly with King
Feisal of Iraq aboard a cruiser anchored in the
Great Bitter Lake which is a part of the Suez
Canal waterway.
These interallied conferences of 1943 marked
significant advances in the direction of better
understanding and mutual cooperation among the
powers fighting the Axis partners.
The On the basis of the personal rela-
significance of tionships developed at these confer-
allied wartime ences, the Big Three leaders learned
conferences to treat with one another in the
direct fashion that made for frank
interchange of views. Whether there was com-
plete frankness on the part of all participants at
each meeting will probably never be fully revealed.
Mr. Churchill has given to the world his own
interpretation of the wartime meetings. President
Roosevelt's part in the wartime meetings has been
told second hand many times. Marshal Stalin may
have left a record of his impressions and actions
but this is not likely to be published for a long
time to come, if at all. We can only surmise from
the bulk of official documents, semi-official and
private recollections, shrewd guesses by observers
and students of the subject, and partisan "expo-
sures" or "apologies" that large matters were dis-
cussed and settled by these interallied leaders on
a face-to-face basis to a degree hitherto believed
impossible. And for historians of American foreign
policy the difference between the public accept-
ance of President Roosevelt's frequent trips to
far-off places and the clamorous criticism of
President Wilson's journeys to Paris in 1918 and
1919 was a revealing commentary on the changed
role of the United States in world affairs.(48)
6. The Yalta Agreements and
Victory in Europe
The year 1944 was principally occupied with
military events. After the allied invasion of France,
President Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill met again
at Quebec, September 11-16. There plans for
moves against Germany and Japan were further89
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Air University (U.S.). Extension Course Institute. Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action, book, April 1959; Alabama. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1077937/m1/103/: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting National WASP WWII Museum.