Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 250
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AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN GROWTH AND ACTION
the Persian Gulf area to build and guard a sup-
ply route overland to the Soviet
American Union. Some 30,000 Americans,
troops mostly railroad and motor mainte-
in Iran, nance and transport battalions,
1942-45 served in the Persian Gulf Com-
mand during the war in various sections of Iran.
Their work in moving supplies created a favor-
able attitude on the part of the Iranians toward
America. The troops were removed from Iran
before the end of 1945, leaving behind them a
general feeling of goodwill for America.
The Roosevelt - Churchill - Stalin
3-power meeting at the Iranian capital of
declaration Teheran in the autumn of 1943 em-
at the Teheran phasized the importance of that
Conference, country in the fight on the Axis. At
1943 this conference the three powers is-
sued a declaration regarding Iran.
THREE-POWER DECLARATION ON IRAN,
TEHERAN, DECEMBER 1, 1943: . . . With re-
spect to the post-war period, the [three] Govern-
ments . . . are in accord with the Government of
Iran that any economic problems confronting Iran
at the close of hostilities should receive full consid-
eration. . . . The [three] Governments . . . are at
one with the Government of Iran in their desire for
the maintenance of the independence, sovereignty and
territorial integrity of Iran..--
The Soviet Union, however, continued to use
the wartime occupation of northern Iran to spread
communist influence in Iran. Soviet agents sup-
ported the Tudeh Party, a group of
Foreign intellectuals and liberals controlled
influences in by native communists. Meanwhile,
Iran during British and American petroleum
World War II interests, private in nature, began
to negotiate for postwar concessions
in areas beyond the territories already assigned
to the powerful Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. A
Soviet request for oil concessions in northern
Iran was turned down by the Iranian government
in October 1944-a move which led the Moscow
press and radio to increase its attacks upon the
"reactionary" government of Iran. At the same
time, communist agents in Azerbaijan fomented
a radical movement demanding autonomy for
northern Iran. A revolt broke out in that region
in November 1945, supported by Red agents..
At the Potsdam Conference in 1945, the BigThree "agreed that Allied troops should be with-
drawn immediately from Teheran,
Iran asks and that further stages of the with-
withdrawal drawal of troops from Iran should
of foreign be considered at the meeting of the
troops Council of Foreign Ministers to be
held in London in September,
1945."3 On September 13, 1945, the Foreign Min-
ister of Iran sent notes to each of the Big Three
powers requesting the withdrawal of Allied
troops. A month later Ernest Bevin, British For-
eign Secretary, announced that the evacuation of
British troops was almost completed and that, on
September 20th, Foreign Minister Molotov had
assured him that Russian troops would be out of
Iran by the agreed date-March 2, 1946-six
months after the war's end. How-
Soviet forces ever, when the revolt in Azerbaijan
block broke out November 18, 1945, Rus-
suppression sian forces prevented Iranian troops
of revolt in from moving into the northern
northern Iran province to quell the uprising.
Great Britain immediately drew the
attention of the Russians to their promises under
the 1942 treaty, and, on November 26 the United
States proposed to both the United Kingdom
and the U.S.S.R. that all allied forces be removed
from Iran by January 1, 1946. The Soviets re-
jected this proposal on December 3, 1945.
The Government of Iran, on December 13,
then formally requested the Big Three powers to
take up the question of troop withdrawal at the
forthcoming Moscow meeting of the'
Moscow Council of Foreign Ministers. The
meeting Moscow conference did discuss the
fails to reach Iranian problem, but no agreement
agreement on was reached. At the close of the
Iranian sessions, Secretary Byrnes reported:
question "At one time it looked as if we
might agree on a tripartite commis-
sion to consider Iranian problems. . . . Unfor-
tunately, we could not agree."4 Failing to achieve
a settlement in this fashion, the Iranians decided
to place their case before the United Nations.
While the British sought to persuade the Iranians
to try the usual diplomatic channels once more,
3Article xIv. Protocol of the Proceedings of the Potsdam Con-
ference. Aug. 1, 1945. U.S. Dept. of State Press Release No. 238
Mar. 24, 1947. No decision was reached at the London meetings.
4Report by Sec. Byrnes on Moscow meeting, Dec. 30, 1945. U.S.
Dept. of State Publication No. 2448, Conference Series No. 79.250
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Air University (U.S.). Extension Course Institute. Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action, book, April 1959; Alabama. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1077937/m1/264/?q=%22~1%22~1&rotate=180: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting National WASP WWII Museum.