The Austin Statesman. (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 22, Ed. 1 Monday, January 19, 1914 Page: 8 of 8
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—
THE AUSTIN DAILY STATESMAN
8
-
CONFERENCE FOR EDUCATION
DISCUSSED DY POTTS
ANOTHER CO
N
4
.4
FARM TENANTRY GREAT PERIL
5
E •
TO BEN
05
4
pulation the value of lai
with
a first-class system of educa-
lly advanced, until the poor man
tion.
2
CHURCH UNITY OCTAVE
ST. AUSTIN’S CHAPEL
$
?
100.04
. 8;
7'
129 11,580
1
Genuine Deep Shaft
McAlester coal
deted by
DOUBLE
===
1
I
Phone to 1601
Cleaning & Pressing
NICK LINZ
BIGGS & CO.
New Phone MO
Old Phone 2652
Next to Littlefield Bldg.
to some extent be removed from the
pltai ambulance and carriages.
U
SMILES
Old Phone 323
free Delivery
Congress Ave. 406
THE DRISKILL
FALLS 1
Austin, Texas W. L. STARK, Mgr.
WHOLESALE AMD RETAIL
The Freshost.
The Cheapest.
"Aten "p0r,"99-zee
/
M
%
1
Two Di
stored 1
Men
Bei
Benjamin T hw Jr. of Pittsburg.
Pa., was an Austin visitor yesterday.
keep them within the reach of the man
of small means, by the use of the tax-
ing machinery, by which the burden
Governing Board Elects Pat M. Neff
of Waco President, Vice. M. M.
Crane, Who Declined to Serve.
COKE Household Fuel COKE
GENUINE GAS COKE
MONDAY MORNING, JANUARY 19,. 1914.
Number of Landloss Farmers increases
Rapidly — Remedas Proposed.
Charities in Cities III Directed.
Good Texas
COAL
A. D. Goodman of Houston is in the
city for a few days on business.
NOW IB THE TIME TO LAY IN
YOUR WINTER SUPPLY
As Dry
Rec'd. Bss.
29.80 .....
eaW
STRII
RAI
IN
KREISLE & KLEUSER
ARCHITECTS
New York
tie
==e-
EST/
Man and
selves in
Cem
PROFESSOR ADDRESSES SUNDAY
SCHOOL CLASS.
Volatile combustible
matter ..........
Fixed carbon.......
Ash ...............
Quantitiem
1 Ton
5 Tons
10 Tons . . .
At works Not Delivered
LECTURES EVERY NIGHT
AT 8:00 O’CLOCK
ROY L. THOMAS
ARCHITECT
"o scAnene-GH NuLP RBBNK: 2 OFFICE w
Squirrel 1
in N
In the Fifty-third District ourt all
oriminai cases will be set today. Judge
George Calhoun having designated to-
day as call day.
Dr. Shackelford's, Dentist, 626 Lit-
tlefield Bldg.
O. S. Nevitt of San Antonio is vis-
iting in the city-
McAlester coal co.
Beth Phones 240
HANS RICHARD
EMINENT SWISS PIANIST
WILL APPEAR AT
HANCOCK OPERA HOUSE
TUESDAY, JANUARY 20, AT 8 P. M.
Reserved seats on sale or exchange at
J. R. Reed Music Store—Monday & Tuesday
Price $1.50
SuIPhU. Writ
Signed:
COAL!
PLENTY OF COAL ON HAND
FOR ALL^OUSTOMERS
I
Prices current today:
On track, f. o. b. Austin, to
all consumers and manufac-
turers ...... $2.10
On track locally... . .$3.00
Delivered prices............
Cannel Coal ......... .$8.50
It will burn in the grate or
stove and will last well.
A trial order will convince
any of this fact.
This coal is all fancy lump, .
stacked in the dry and will
not slack.
She is rolling on the line.
I
CHEAPER AND CLEANER THAN COAL
We Respectfully Solicit Your Orders
AUSTIN GAS LIGHT CO. 907 Cong. Ave,
Consumers’ Fuel
& Ice Co.
WHITE A AVERY, Prep*.
Both Phono* 47S
Delawai
any <
1
For sWeet milk and cream ring
Hyde's Dalry, old phones 1993 and 3832.
Earnest O. -Thompson of Amarillo as
a visitor in the cilyand a guest at the
Driskili.
34.54
29.69
5,97
of poi
steadil
The fire that burns the blazing
stump,
is fed and kept by the Calvert
King Screened Lignite Lump.
Ring on the New four two one,
and before you are
Through the fuel will arrive.
FOR LAUGHING PURPOSES ONLY
SEATS NOW ON BALK
■ • ■ .
Per tea dolvered
. $8.25
. $8.00
. 17.75
. *7.00
*
s.mez c.vo
ThoBest.
— 1
C. R. Perry of Waco was an Austin
visitor Sunday.
Rex. Sims of Houston was among
the guests at the Driskill yesterday.
SUBJECTS:
MONDAY—The Existence of God, the Di-
vinity of Christ.
TUESDAY—God’s Written Law.
WEDNESDAY—The Church as Teacher.
THURSDAY—How to Get Rid of Guilt.
FRIDAY—Christ in Holy Communion;
SATURDAY-?—Shall We Pray for our Dead?
. 7 •
Question Box Every Night
. T. E. Mason, electric and plumbing
w ; repairing. 104 E. Tenth Street Old
e phone .1351. Labor, 50 cents per hour.
-
IS-EEN22
New Texas product of Cal-
vert, Texas, is now On the
market in Austin.
i Let Bacon figure on your sewer con-
J nections and look after your plumbing
and electric work. 205 West Sixth
Street. Phone 2131.
1
I
Plumbing and electric repairs
promptly done. Ak. E. Hancock Co.
Phones 193.
YOU ARE INVITED
D j
Increase
nd has
Rain or shine, we are never be-
hind,
Because we always have 25 care
rolling on the line.
THE BLAZING STUMP
B. E. ROSENGRNI
Uldertuker and Embalmer-
, Fine Carriages for Hire
Hospital Ambulance.
413 Coneress Ave. Phone* 451.
PICKED UP ABOUT 10WN
Funefa dirEctoranhomtga2mr. Ho., of the support of the government may
♦ i .--------- JI the Red Cross,
touched several towns in the State for
hundreds of dollars which the flood
sufferers have never seen.
.0A8 previously stated, all efforts at
alleviation are merely temporary ex-
pedients and should be accompahled
by thorough-going investigation of the
causes of poverty and of A fearless
elimination of the cause that are pro-
ducing the constant stream of the
pauper, criminal and defective classes
that now burden society."
ASE3-
me Mgdip
m-,‘ay
ig system and by the wash-
ing of the soil by our heavy rains, a ,
loss much of which might be pre-
vented by proper cultivation and ter-
CUT FLOWERS FOR ALL
OCCASIONS
Artistieally arrangea
Hyde Park Floral Co.
822 Congress Avenue
Phonest Old, 004; Nevr, 109
HANCOCK OPERA HOUSE, FRIDAY, JAN. 23
Kon & CO> DVERS AND SCOURERS
RUUH -FRENCH DRY CLEANERS-
LADIES’ AND GENTS' GARMENTS RENOVATED LIKE NEW
Perfeet snniiation, eommoloum,
well farnihed, bent lighted and
ventilated roema in the South.
Arteslan water throughout.
most unknown. But with the 11
49.20
42.30
8.50
100.00
1.10
The Merits
of our tailoring are legion. Come
19,1and let us.show you the popular
ship and finish that make
E
------ ---- ------ ‘The Conference for Education in
------—igres8 of Mothers and • Texas is a non-polit!cal organization
Parent-Teacher Asociations. Fort i of the friends of education for the Ira.
Worth: W. F. Doughty, State Superin-| Provemeht of all the schools of the
tendent of Publie Instruction, Austin: tate. Its governing board is com-
Charles H. Puryear, acting president ! posed of well known laymen and of
of the Agricultural and Mechanical I representatives of the Etate’s various
College, College Station; J. F. Kimball, ducatfonal interests. The board so-
23 I Superintendent of City School, Tem- 1 cits the active co-operation of all cit-
ple; Gus F. Urbantke, Superintendent izens who wish to see Texas provided
=■ of the State School for the Deaf. Aus- ...
M I tin; Clarence N. Ousley, Fort Worth:
tended discussion of the problems Qt
poverty in the cities. This problem
is very grave and demands much
more attention than it has heretofore
received. It is a problem that can
not be solved by the distribution of ;
charity, and the sooner we learn to re- f
move the causes of poverty—such as i
the production of the unfit and the '
toleration of institutions like the ?
saloon that are little else than agencies
for the manufacture of the mental,
moral and physical unfit—the sooner
will we begin to approach a solution
of this problem.
Much Charity III Directed.
"Much of our so-called charity not '
only does not help to solve the prob-
lem of poverty, but helps to stimu- |
late It and increase the constantly
growing burden. The more liberal we 1
are in handing out money and other
things of value to beggars, the more ;
beggars we will have to support. The
charity that provides for the poor only
an occasional feast at Thanksgiving or
Christmas, without following it up by
constructive effort to stimulate the
pride of the recipient and make him
self-supporting, is worse than no
charity at all.
OSSINI1
Muehlfeld,
ingly to Li
at Ring 8
man to di
der of Pi
City two
ley, Hueh
May 5.
Both I
statementi
any conne
colo is se
Burns W
his saloon
"For each city I would recommend :
among other things the following:
"1. That the city establish an em-
ployment bureau to bring the jobless
man and the manless job together.
3. That the city, maintain a muni- .
eipal, wood yard or farm colony on
which every person in need of help,
who is unable to find work should be
alowedor required to work as far as
his abilities permit, receiving as a re-
ward only such help as may be abso-
lutely necessary until other employ-
ment can be secured.
.. "‘3. That beggars of every descrin.
tion be prohibited from plying their
trade within the city limits. Many
of them are imposters of the worst
bpe. The worthy poor should be
cared for in more systematio ways.
4. That the city provide an organi-
zation such as the United Charities
in Austin, through which by means
of public funds and private donations,
the immediate needs of the worthy
poor can be cared for, but that such
help should never be given without
careful Investigation ana Should be
continued only so long as it |8 abso-
lutely necessary, the recipient being
encouraged meanwhile to become a
self-sustaining individual.
Should License Alm. Distributors.
The State, or In case or its fail-
ure to do so, the city should provide
an agency for licensing worthy chari-
table enterprises. and no person should
be allowed to solicit funds or other
things of value without a license, thus
cuttinE orf a large number of fake
charities that are constantly imposing
on a well meaning public. A case in
point occurred during the recent flood.
Gas heaters—just the thing to heat
| bath and small bedrooms. A. E. Han-
cock Co., 909 Congress. Phone 193.
The rate for aaverusing in hta col-
umn 1. as folione: One line one time,
100; three times, 260; one week, 60c;
one month, $1.60. Advertisements of
less than two Iines counted as two
nea.
Dr. T. B. Horne, oateopat. Little- and it fertility is rapidly depl
field Bldg. Old phone iWl. badcroppins.aystemandbytt
WEDDING INVITATIONS, MONOGRAM
STATIONERY A N D ENGRAVED CARDS
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
H. E. Mezes, President
Austin
Bureau of Economic Geology, and
Technology.
November 20, 1913.
Analysis No. 974
Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Director.
Dear Sir: The sample of Lig-
nite from the Southwestern Fuel
Company, Calvert, Robertson
County, Texas, received from C.
B. Beard Austin, Texas, Novems,
her 18, 1913, lump weighing 30
pounds, contains:
SA FI
James Ha
day teleg
man who
Saturday
which hl*
committed
H. Hamm
wired inst
the man.
A. H. H
ficial of C
several off
county tre
cloud. Mr
maker of
three weel
sibly on i
health, is
who kille
Hammett
Will Baggett
Candidate For
COUNTY CLERK
TRAVIS COUNTY
Subject to Action of Democratic Primaries.
July 25 1914
ALBAN
on the D-
was settl
clals met
restore tw
gineer jar
F. A. Slac
All strike
diately.
G. W. V
Federal B
dilation, I
A settle
Mr. Hangi
officials tl
of the me
was impo
Normal
in a few
dieted. A
signed ord
to report
C
Slade a
more thar
of neglige
jumped tl
the ties fo
union off!
unavoldab
For seve
union offt
of restorir
ago 98 pei
to strike 1
restored t
Early t
walked ou
that 6000
system wi
and office
duty.
Less th;
striker ha
arrived, he
iganuneg0l
Mr. 81ms
(ration. bi
lli an hot
tration W.
up an agri
obtained ,1
strike wai
later.
In a stat
ment had
that the c
to serve ti
lie. It Wi
originally
intercede.
No viol*
of the stri
j M. H. Wolfe, Dallas; P. F. Stewart,
Superintendent of Bexar County
Schools, San Antonio; W. S. Sutton,
dean of department of education, the
University of Texas, Austin; J. D.
Sandefer, president of- Simmons Col-
lege. Abilene; and P. w. Horn, Super-
intendent of City Schools, Houston.
The executive committee, which has
immediate direction of the work of the
conference, is composed. of Pat M.
Neff, Charles H Puryear. W. S. Sut-
tun, J. F. Kimball and H. K Estill.
. On Saturday, Jan. 10, the executive
committee met in Austin to consider
ways and means for conducting a
campaign for the educational pro-
gram outlined at the general session
in Dallas on Nov. 1, 1913. The com-
mittee expects to raise, within the next
few months, a fund of 3115,000 or i
more, 3100,000 of which is to be gi:
aside as a permanent endowment fund,
the remainder to be used for the ex-
penses of the campaign during the next
IWO ears. An endowment o one of
the leading school men in Texas as
Eneral agent. Pending the employ-
ment of a general agent, B. E. Satter-
{ Houston Normal Institute. Huntsville;
Mrs. Chalmers W. Hutchison, presi-
dent of Texas Con ' " ‘
Nothing nicer for the home than
electric and up-to-date plumbing con-
veniences. Let us figure with you; no
trouble to answer questions. John L
Martin, 408 Congress Avenue. Phone
820.
. try. During the last decade sev-
eral hundred million dollars have been
advanced by the imperial government,
and Ireland is rapidly being trans-
formed from a land of isontented
mSSK PROBLEM OF POVERTY
The -work of the conference is pro-
scribed by the declaration of prin-
clples and policies adopted at the gen-
eral sesslon last November. The prIn-
renters, paying annual tribute to ab: |
sentee land lords, into a land of small
farmer*, content in the possession of
their own homes. 1
"My time will not permit an ex-
Jensen
The photosrapher in your town.
Farmer Wants to Sell.
A farmer who owns two places in
Austin (one within two blocks of the
Capitol, the other within about eight
blocks of the University and within
a, block nr so of the Ward School and
the car line), has placed them in my
hands to, sell for him, either separate
or together.
The property within tho University
neighborhood consists of over two big
lots on th* sutheast corner (don't fall
to note that this is a southeast cor-
ner I am offering), and a house of
eight room®, two galleries and a hall,
four open fireplaces. . a splendid big
shaded front, large plot of ground de-
voted to garden purposes, also good
site lot for chickens and cow. This
BURNE
who lived
west of
morning I
he and a
hunting.
Seeing i
the water
when the
fifteen fe
anag in t
so badly
relatives
said. He
years old.
J Chas. 8. Guilhem Co
I CORNAR FIFTH AND BRAzOS.
. I n --
Is now unable in many cases to secure
a home, and, in the’cities, a large class
of people without property and with
scant means of support have come into
existence. The problem of poverty has
therefore become a very acute one in
the older States of the Union, and is
daily becoming a most serious one in
Texas.
Peril* of Tenantry.
"Few people who have not had their
attention called directly to the matter
realize how grave is becoming the
problem of poverty in our rural dis-
tricts. Not that many people are act-
ually starving for want of the necessi-
ties of life in our rural communities,
but that an ever increasing per cent
of our rural population are unable to
own homes and are becoming members
of the las of tenant" farmers that
move from one place to-another from
year to year and provide a minimum of
comforts and advantages for their fam-
ilies. The last United .States census
T n R I N J G BOTH PHONES S1O
i “ D i 4 eoe gong, avenue
The Sutor Hotel Cafe
Only European Hotel in City. Opens 6a.m. Plenty time to get
short orders for the early trains. Closes 9 p. m. Fine bar for
convenience of guests and patrons, in connection.
Prof. Charles 8. Potts of th® Uni-
versity of Texas discussed in able
manner yesterday "The Problem* of
Poverty," in the series of addresses
on “Perils That Threaten the Texan."
now being discussed before Wilson
Williams' class at the University Meth-
odist Sunday School. As professor of
government, he is well equipped for a
study of the problem he had under
consideration, and has given it close
attention. He said In part:
"It has been said that the poor we
have always with us. This is true to
only a slight extent in a noi country
such as Texas was a half century ago.
At that time land was practically free
to all settlers and the wealth of the
community was so evenly distributed
that tramps and millionaires were al-
THE telephone it the
1 ideal carrier of the or-
der. A Chase Truck is the
ideal carrier of the goods.
Both are simple, reliable,
prompt, efficient. Actual
service has proven this for
thousands of merchants.
Sa Enaemt Medel, EvenySirl.aBad,
Cepacities SOO to 4000 Um.
Wroe & Sons
The Blazing
Stump
East and West and North and
South,
The name of Beard is in every
mouth ;
The reason shines like a jewel
bright,
is because he sells Calvert
Screened King Lignite.
clpal features embraced in this decla-
ration are:
1. The enactment of a law providing
for the professional supervision of al
the rural school* of the State.
3. The revision of the rural high
school law, and the establishment of
high 1191)0016 accessible to all country
children In the State.
3. The removal of the constitutional
50 cent* maximum limit in local tax-
ation for school purposes, and also the
removal of the tko-thirds majority re-
quirement in the levy of maintenance
taxes for the schools in cities and
towns. /
4. The ehactment of a compulsory
attendance law in conformity with the
educational needs and conditions of
the State.
5. 1 he submission of a constitutional
amendment providing for a minimum
mill tax for the support of our higher
educational institutions. including the
State Normal School, the College of
Industrial Arte, the Agricultural and
Mechanical College and the University
of Texas.
Fruits, Vegetables, Poultry,
Eggs and Buffer
shoulders of the consumer to those of 1
tho man who already has a large share
of this world's goods. It may not be ■
necessary to go to any such lengths
as were proposed by Henry George i
and make the State the sole proprietor *
of the land, but England has found It
desirable to move in that direction, ,
at least to the extent of taking for
the benefit of the public, in the form
of a land tax, a portion of the un-
earned increment’ which has hereto-
fore come to the land owner only.
Lend Money to Farmer.
"Probably a more effective method
of checking the growth of tenancy
would be found in a lending of the
State's credit to the farmer to enable
him to buy his land, he State can
borrow money at 4 or 5 per cent with I
which to pay the landlord for the land
and then allow the tenant, now the
owner of the land, to pay bak his in-
debtedness Jo the State, including the
interest on the loan,'at the rate of 6
d
The Proof of E
Actual Service
UROPEAN
Ban Antonio Hotel Co., Owner*
For lowest prices on fiue tile, sewer
। pipe, cement, lime, plaster, fire brick,
fire clay, roofing, etc.. ' see Austin
। Builders Supply Co., 403-405 E. 4th
St. Old phono 1230,. new phone 433.
W. Neal Watt, M. D., Littlefield Bldg.
Electric light fixtures, portables,
shades and bathroom trimmings at
cost. See Bacon, 205 West Sixth St.
Phone 2131.
GEORGE W. PATTERSON.
! Funeral director anu embulmer, am-
: balance service. Proprietor Eclinse
; Stables. Omnibus and baggage trans-
fer. Fine carriages. 106 to 114 East
Seventh Street. Both phono 161 - Adv.
8 H. WORRELL, Chemist.
Approved: p,
J WM. B. PHILLIPS, Director
c' B. BEARD
Offices with O. J. Martin &
Son, corner Fourth and Con-
gress Ave. Both Phones 04 -
I*
racing.
"3. It is almost impossible to main-
tain good schools where the popula-
tion is composed of tenants shifting
from one community to another and
frequently moving in the middle of the i
school year.
“4. Many thousand children of ten- ;
ant farmers are never enrolled in the
schools at all, and thus contribute to
our burden of illiteracy.
“5. Other thousands of the tenants j
and their children wader from tae j
farms to the cities and being unedu-
cated and unprepared for city liye serve
to swell the number of the cities' shift-
less and vicious classes.
"If you ask me for the remedy for
this situation, I am compelled to con-
fess that it is much easier to point
out the evils that exist than to find
proper remedies for them. Something
perhaps may be done to check the in-
crease in the value of lands and thus
place has both gas and sewerage ao-
cessible Furthermore, we have a
grand view of the Capltol and the
University building®.
The other place near the Capitol I*
also on a big corner lot and is a good
and substantial house of eight rooms,
halls and galleries, bath, etc. This
property can be bought for 36000 for
both, or 33000 each. I think these
places are well worth the money, and —
I would like to show them to any happy,
one interested. Pleas don’t aek me to countr3
tell you where these places are over
the phone, as I would not care to do
80, but I would consider it a favor
to show this property to you whenever
it suits your pleasure. If you haven't
too much money I will arrange it so
that you can buy them just to suit
your pocketbook.
K. C. MILLER, 107 E. 6th St.
that more than half of our farmers are
landless. To put the matter in another
way, during . the thirty years, from
1880 to 1910, the number of farmers
owning their own lands Increased 82
per cent. During the same thirty years
the number of tenant farmers Increased
240 per cent, or three times as rapidly
as the land owners. A most interest-
ing foot in regard to the increase of
farm tenancy, is that the largest per
cent of tenants Ie found in the most
fertile portions of the State. Thus in
Dallas County 61 per cent of the farm-
ers are tenants, in Grayson, 62% per
cent, In Hill, 64 % per cent; in Fannin.
67 per cent; In Hunt, 6712 per cent:
In Collin, 68.8 per cent, and- i( Ellis, 69
per cent. In other words, out of every
ten farmers in the rich black land belt
of Central North Texas, from six to
seven are homeless men and on ac-
count Of the high price of the land
they have very small prospects of ever
becoming land owners.
Evils Are Enumerated.
“The evil effects of such a condi-
tion are too numerous to be discussed
in this brief address. I can do no more
than to mention some of them in pass-
ing:
“1. It results in the poorest sort of
cultivation and a minimum of return
is received from the soil.;
"2. The tenant never cares for the
land in the way it should be cared for
Dance Wednesday nig:, Jan. 21.
at Protection Hall, given by Mra. Hale.
Gents, 60 cents; ladies free.
or 7 per cent a year, spreading tho
total payment of Interest and
principal over a period ' of forty or
fifty year*. This may sound like a
novel and radical proposition, but It is
this policy, adopted ten year* ago by
England, that I* making of Ireland a
. prosperous and contented
Scarbrough Building
Old Phone 1592 Austin, Texas
‘' Brydson Bros.
House builders and lumber dealers.
We solicit yur patronage. Lumber
and yard office. 1612-18 Guadalupe
Street. Phone 249.
HARRIS SUCCE
shows that hi 1880 37 per cent of our
farmos were tenants, by 1890 the
number of tenants had increased to - ------- -3-16 ne recent xoas
42 per cent, in 1900 it was 49 per cent, when an unauthorized woman, dressed
and in 1910, 52 per cent. Thus we see in the uniform of " - *
At a general session of the Confer-
ence for Education in Texas held in
Dallas, Nov. 1, 1913. Hon. M. M. Crane
I of Dallas was elected president. Mr.
Crane, however, found that he could
1 not give the conference the time de-
’ manded by the importance.of it* work
. and reluctantly declined to serve.
Later the governing board of the con-
ference elected Hon. Pat M. Neff of
Waco as president. The other officers
' are: 8. L. Hornbeak, president of
I Trinity University, Waxahachie, vice
| president; and E. P. Wilmot, president
of the Austin National Bank, Austin,
I treasurer.
The governing board of the confer-
ence is composed of the president and
the following members: W. B. BZ-
sell, president of the College of In-
dustrial Arts, Denton; -Mrs. Anna J.
H. Penny backer, president of the Gen-
eral Federation of Women’s Clubs.
Austin; H. F. Estill, president of Sum
Our Tailoring
always satisfactory, we can talor
>ul<. and overcoat, for many oc-
caslons to rit you.
Call, tell ua your needs and let ua
take your measure.
ana"tteatione repatring. pressing
THE GUNTER HOTEL
■AM ANTONIO, Texas
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Lochridge, Lloyd P. The Austin Statesman. (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 22, Ed. 1 Monday, January 19, 1914, newspaper, January 19, 1914; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1448671/m1/8/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; .