Galveston Tribune. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 35, No. 298, Ed. 1 Tuesday, November 9, 1915 Page: 3 of 12
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I
THREE
GALVESTON TRIBUNE, TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1915.
I
NO ALUM
IN
LEADING BRAND OF THE WORLD
There’s Chewing Satisfaction
X
B
ABSOLUTELYPURE
E
—
E
Avoid AENSubsitutes
®
Men Who Chew Are Men Who DO
cabinet
Already
Constantinople.
(0
12
10 c Cuts
16 oz. Plugs
NOVEMBER ISSUE
IS DISTRIBUTED
®
t
■ =2
We are in bitter need of a
built
. As
navy.
reorganized the
i
for a
SITES FRUIT COMPANY.
" Em 7•
24
9
R5
10
509 Tremont St.
Phone 116.
: -
A
Individualize
Complete line Auto Supplies.
R
Steam Vulcanizing Plant.
Your
Guaranteed Tire Repairing
FREE AIR.
V
Stationery
Phone 192
0
Capetown,
SAM J. WILLIAMS
2215 Market Street.
weapon
GUNS
PRICES:
Let us fit you out.
The Spruwell Co.
514-16 Tremont St.
Phone 1221.
SAEJCE
Phone 4896
2512 Market Street
Phone 1552,
2206 Avenue C.
/
I
■I
V
8 - •* • ' . ;
i “
strong German
my grandfather
The Store
For Men
of them
power,
national harbors ।
routes—Gibraltar,
Hongkong and so
eventually that the suggestion
“naval holiday” was contemp-
navy.
sea, i
was
land
morselessly
Cromwell,
of an insular power is a great
Lacking preponderant force at
can be had here.
We have everything
you will need for your
ROYAL
BAKINGPOWDER
F. A. HERVEY JR., President.
O. W. EVERETT, Manager.
CHEWNO TOBACCO
Eunanmanazmnaanasozmocnzsanananaxanazaxuaznznmazxxzmmmmamamnaamaunn
Malta, (
on—some
University Medical Contains
Large Amount of Information.
Class Officers Chosen.
Make Your Shoes Wear Twice As Long
Phone No. 4896 and you will have them back inside the hour,
looking just as goodand guaranteed to wear just as well as new
shoes.
Galveston Shoe Hospital and
Pressing Shop
i
D
SEA OR LAND POWER,
WHICH WILL PREVAIL?
..........75
........ • .50
.......... 250
..........40
..........65d
..........20c
40 and 50e
Eat less meat, also take glass of
Salts before eating
breakfast.
We want you to test this all-satisfactory,
all-American chew.
Suits Dry Cleaned and Pressed, 50c, or Three for a Dollar.
Suits Scoured and Pressed, 75c.
A three dollar hat that is the best of its kind to be
found anywhere. We’re mighty proud of this hat—
it has quality written all over it; yet you can get it
here in all the newest shapes and colors for only—
THREE DOLLARS.
IF BACKACHY OR
KIDNEYS BOTHER
If your stationery is cheap—
if the shape is not right—if the
engraving and embossing are out
of fashion, you will not create
the impression you should—and
just think what it means to you
if you are writing to a stranger!
’TWEEN-SEASON UNDERWEAR FOR THE
COLD SNAP.
NOTARY PUBLIC
List Your REAL ESTATE With Me.
K. G. JOHNSON.
(With Hoskins Foster.)
Half Soles sewed—men’s ............• • •
Half Soles tacked—men’s............ .....
Men’s Heels ..... • • •
Rubber Heels ..........................
Boys’ and Ladies’ Half Soles sewed......
Boys’ and Ladies’ Heels..................
Boys’ and Ladies’ Half Soles tacked......
Popular Price
Cafe
Fred M. Burton® Co.
(Successors to Jno. N. Stowe & Co.)
GENERAL INSURANCE AGENTS AND
FOREIGN EXCHANGE BROKERS.
Fire, Marine, Tornado,
Indemnity, Casualty
306-7 Security Bldg. Phones 98 and 125.
Five and Seven
PassengerAuto-
mobiles for Hire
Charges Reasonable
Bolton’s Transfer Company
Phone 227.
Kitchen Recipe Hanger
containing new recipes—sent free on request. 1
Lea & Perrins, 38 Hubert St., New York City
mmmmuminanmasmammmunansmemmamamunuanuaxmmsummmmuoumunm
Conflict Between Germany and England is
Moltkeism vs. Mahanism—Germany Aims
at World Empire.
q
e4
cEqeKyencaccoC.
STAR was awarded
the Grand Prize at
the San Francisco
Exposition, and is
the only CHEWING
TOBACCO that has
ever received this
highest possible
award.
which came to
was sea power
ft
so determined to overtake Eng-
Cazkeka
on the great trade
) ' Lu
Agency for Diamond and Nor-
walk Tires-and Tubes. Largest
stock in city.
A of Interest paid on Savings Accounts,
/0 computed semiannually.
■s
■
A Better Hat Tng Same Price
WILLIAMS GUARANTEE r
( ONSERVATISM IN MATTERS OF FINANCE
is absolutely essential.
In making this bank the depository of your funds, you
are selecting one whose officers and directors are men
of broad experience and sound judgment—who guard
your assets with infinite care, that there may be no devia-
tion from their policy of SAFETY FIRST.
Williams’ underwear is just the right weight for the cold
snap. In one or two-piece suits, for, per garment—
50c and $1.00.
In a STAR Plug
A LSO more chews in each plug. The
• thick, juicy STAR plug can’t dry
out like a thin plug. Every STAR plug
weighs a full 16-ounce pound.
€9. Americans who know what real chewing
ge. tobacco is—chew 125,000,000 ten cent
STAR cuts each year.,
When In Houston Stop at
HOTEL BRISTOL
FIREPROOF.
Room with Shower Privilege $1.00
Room with Private Bath ... .$1.50
Room with Bath, 2 persons $2.00
and $2.50.
Let us offer suggestions, show
you what you should have. Our
experts know, and should know
—it is our business to know.
is not infallible; possession of an over-
whelming naval strength is not in it-
self an assurance of safety for a far-
flung empire.
In a war between an insular and a
continental state, if the former wins a
sweeping vitory at sea, it has achieved
averted invasion, but has not in the
least affected the internal strength of
its opponent nor destroyed his land
power. The only result is to transfer
the theater of war from the sea to the
land.
Japan annihilated the Russian fleet,
but it was not until she had crushed
the Russian armies that she forced the
Muscovite to sue for peace. It is ob-
vious that even- if the British fleet
e , era ' 1 . ■ 2""
.TBUST.C°
■ mpsdssaadsdMnaMMEMaMLaEEAAAAMNSaMmSGSEMSEM-
| Cold meats are eaten with • 4
zest when im-
proved by
Volume 20, No. 2 of the University
Medical, for November, is off the press
and copies were being distributed yes-
■ terday by Fred W. Stamdefer, business
manager. This is the periodical pub-
■ lished monthly during the school year
by students of the medical department
of the University of Texas.
The November issue of the Univer-
sity Medical contains, among other ar-
ticles and notes on student activity, re-
ports of the recent elections of all
class officers at the State Medical col-
lege, which only in part have been,
hitherto announced. The results of the
various elections are given as follows:
Senior Medical—Robert Kurth, presi-
dent; E. Mills, vice president; Miss
Ruby Embry, secretary; H. C. Maxwell,
representative to the honor council; D.
R. Venable, representative to the Med-
ical; John D. Lattimore, sergeant-at-
arms.
Senior . Pharmacy—G. M. Clampill,
president; T. M. Campbell, vice presi-
dent ;Mrs.Cor a G. Williams, secretary;
■ C. A. Stevenson, sergeant-at-arms; F.
IM. Harle, representative to students’
And again. England,
Gur future lies upon the water
growing into colonies - Sea
RENT
it is doomed. But the converse
the policy framed by
Army, so I shall reorganize my
navy, so that, with its help, the;
German empire shall reach the
place it has not yet attained.
The progress made in carrying out
this policy, under the inspiration of
the kaiser and Von Tirpitz, has been
astounding. In 1898 German’s naval
expenditure was thirty million dollars;
in 1913 it was one hundred and fifteen
million dollars, and the government
pursuing steadily and re-
Uric acid in meat excites the kidneys,
they become overworked; get sluggish,
ache, and feel, like lumps of lead. The
urine becomes cloudy; the bladder is ir-
ritated, and you may be obliged to seek
relief two or three times during the
night. When the kidneys clog you
must help them flush off the body’s
urinous waste or you’ll be a real sick
person shortly. At first you feel a dull
misery in the kidney region, you suffer
from backache, sick headache, dizziness,
stomach gets sour, tongue ..coated and
you feel rheumatic twinges when the
weather is bad.
Eat less meat, drink lots of water,
also get from any pharmacist four
ounces of Jad Salts; take a tablespoon-
ful in a glass of water before break-
fast for a few days and your kidneys
will then act fine. This famous salts is
made from the. acid of grapes and
lemon’juice, combined with lithia, and
has been used for generations to clean
clogged kidneys and stimulate them to
normal activity, also to neutralize the
acids in urine, so it no longer is a
source of irritation, thus ending bladder
weakness.
Jad Salts is inexpensive, can not in-
jure; makes • a delightful effervescent
lithia-water drink which everyone
should take now and then to keep the
kidneys clean and active. Druggists
here say they sell lots of Jad Salts to
folks who believe in overcoming kidney
trouble while it is only trouble.—(Adv.)
up that dominion
girdle the earth. If
that gave her India,
therefore, is at once the cause and the
result of the three great activities of
maritime nations—production, shipping
and colonization.
Again and again the expert shows
sea power was the decisive element
in struggles that determined the fate
of the world. He cites as the first
notable example of the Second Punic
war, fought during ten years two cen-
turies before the birth of Christ. Be-
cause Rome was able to transport
troops. to and from Spain, the base
of the Carthaginians, while her oppon-
ents could reach her only by the ov-
erland route through Gaul, Hannibal’s
magnificent invasion came to naught,
and Rome, not Carthage, became mis-
tress of the world.
When the English defeated the
French at the battle of the Nile they
not only destroyed a fleet, but isolated.
Napolean’s army in Egypt and crushed
his whole scheme of conquest. Again
at Trafalgar, “it was not Villeneuve
that failed, but Napolean that was van-
quished; not Nelson that won, but Eng-
Special to The Tribune.
Philadelphia, Nov. 9.—Those who
have regarded the Balkan campaign
as a mere incident of the great war,
or more strangely still,, as an evidence
of German desperation, must be puz-
zled to account for the earthquake
tremors which it has caused in the
most distant regions of European pol-
litics, says a writer in the North Amer-
ican.
There is no longer any illusion in
Petrograd or London or Paris as to
the significance of the drive toward
communication, and its downfall.
Destruction of the. German fleet
results only in a return to condi-
tions prior to the war, unless
Britain possesses land forces cap-
able of resuming the combat on
the land theater.
Mr. Lea’s book, published two years
before the war began, was a striking
prophecy of the collapse of the British
(Continued on page nine.)
VANe
4ma38en
of England and Yankeeland, which
stands behind her simply because
Great Britain still commands the
sea; or are these land powers
strong enough to enforce their lib-
erty and room for their future
development, even against the
tyrant of the sea and his slavish
menials, and if. need be in spite
of them?—that is the question,!
It will not be decided between
the Danube and the Dardenelles,
for behind the Dardenelles first
lies Egypt;; but the decision will
be brought nearer.
Unquestionably this represents the
governing German idea. And at once
it suggests, superficially, a confession
of defeat. For twenty years the cre-
ation of an overwhelming naval power
has been almost an obsession among
the German thought. A fleet which
should be able to challenge England
was declared to be the onething need-
ful to make “the Twentieth Century
the German century.” As long ago
as 1897 the kaiser declared;
Naptune with the trident is a
symbol for us that we have new
tasks to perform since the em-
pire has been welded together.
That trident must be in our fist.
council; C. J. Douglas, reporter to the
Medical.
Junior Medical—C. C. Parks, presi-
dent; M. L. Compton, vice-president;
Miss Mary Elizabeth Roe, secretary and
treasurer; R. B. Giles, sergeant-at-
arms; M. L. Adair, chaplain; P. E.
Luecke, representative to students’
council; C. H. Hendry, reporter to the
Medical..
Junior Pharmacy—O. A. Fly, presi-
dent; J. L. Darnell, vice president; E.
C. LaBauve, secretary-treasurer; L. D.
Bowser, sergeant-at-arms; R. T. Rob-
inson, reporter to the Medical; P. L.
Williamson, students’ councilman; L. C.
Price, bookstore representative.
Sophomore Medical—S. J. McClendon,
president; E. D. Crutchfield, vice presi-.
dent; J. W. Nixon, secretary and treas-
urer; H. T. Hayes, executive committee
representative; Sarah Rudnick, reporter
to the Medical; S. D. Stout, sergeant-
at-arms.
Freshman Medical—J. B. Shelmire,
president; Miss Geiss, vice president;
Miss Jessie Pryor, secretary; W. R.
Deatherage, councilman, and William
Howard Walter Tell Bunge, sergeant-
at-arms.
Bluefields Concern Asks 15 Million
Dollars Damage.
Philadelphia, Nov. 9. — The suit
brought for the Bluefields Steamship
company, limited, against the United
Fruit company for more than $15,000,-
000 triple damages under the Sherman
antitrust law for alleged monopolistic
methods in transporting tropical fruits
was begun here today in federal court.
Witnesses include Elmer E, Wood, of
Louisiana, the receiver of the Blue-
fields company.
Gregory Auto
Supply Co.
. ... Open Day and Night. —
were to sink or capture the kaiser’s
- warships Germany would be, in a direct
military sense, no worse off than she
is today, and her advance toward Con-
stantinople would not be halted an
hour.
Uf, on the other hand, the fleet of
the insular power is overcome, the
defeat is conclusive, for nothing can
then stop an invasion by the continen-
tal enemy. The case is thus summed
up in Homer Lea’s illuminating work,
“The Day of the Saxon,” from which
we have borrowed most of our com-
ment:
NaVal victory is vital only as
regards the insular nation. In a
war between Germany and the
British Empire destruction of the
British fleet would be followed by
a complete severance of its lines of
Everything for the care of the nails.
East End Pharmacy
1 Phone 108.
tuously spurned. In tonnage and men
the strength of the German sea forces
was trebled in the twenty-five years
' preceding the war.
A NEW CHALLENGE.
And now the ideal of German sea
mastery is put aside as though its
pursuit had been a mere diversion.
Her ports blockaded, her commerce
hunted from every ocean highway, her
submarine adventure a hideous failure,
and her proud fleet forced to hide
behind the shelter of fortified bases,
Germany audaciously formulates a new
challenge.
She will carve out an overland do-
minion. Let control of the sea be
where it will, her foot soldiers will
take ' and hold an empire from the
English channel to the Indian ocean,
and will make a scrap of paper of
the formula that for twenty centuries
has guided the pen of history.
“Mahanism of Moltkeism?-—that is
the question.” The world is to see
tested the daring theory that in the
twentieth century a power which rules .
one-fourth of the habitable surface of
the globe and patrols its every sea
can be destroyed by a power operating
on land alone.
Mahanism is a happy term, for the
principle which Germany challenges
found its ablest exponent in the
scholarly.. American naval historian,
Rear Admiral A. T. Mahan, who died
a few months ago, wrote his epochal
work, “The Influence of Sea Power
Upon American History,” in 1889. It
passed through a score of American
editions and is a text book, in every
naval college.
Mahan’s subject, of which his is the
only adequate treatment, is “the pro-
found determining influence of mari-
time strength upon great issues” in
the history of mankind. In the term
“sea power,” he includes “not only
the military strength afloat that rules
the sea or any part of it by force of
arms, but also the peaceful commerce
and shipping from which alone a mil-
itary fleet naturally and healthfully
springs, and on which it securely
rests.”
The reasons which inspire it are fair-
ly obvious. Travel and traffic have
always been easier and cheaper by
water than by land, hence coastwise
trade, led nations to foster shipping.
Foreign commerce, the next develop-
ment, required great merchant fleets,
and for these there must be protection,
not only in safe ports, but in armed
convoys during war. Thus navies
sprang from the existence of a peaceful
merchantman and the extent of these
two elements combined measure the
sea power of a nation.
Then secure ports were sought as
changes in England and France re-
veal internal conflicts among the al-
lies, while the startling move of Ger-
many, backed by the prestige Of vic-
tory over Russia, threatens to consol-
idate in her interest the whole pen-
insula from the Danube to the- Bos-
porus and to erect a bridge for her
triumphant progress into Asia.
The seizure of Belgium and the in-
vasion of France constituted only the
prologue to the titanic drama of -the
struggle for world mastery. What we
witness now is the beginning of the
final act. How many months of car-
nage must ensue, what torrents of
blood must be poured out, no one can
foresee. But assuredly the curtain will
not fall until one or the other of the
great antagnists, England or Germany,
has been beaten to the earth.
Upon the fate of Constantinople de-
pends the existence of the British Em-
pire; let Germany lay hold of' that
gateway between the continents, and
the globe-girding chain of British
power is severed beyond repair, and
the era of Teutonic dominance in the
affairs of civilization begins.
AN OMINOUS FOUNDATION OF
FACT.
So clear is this that the almost hys-
terical exultation which Germany’s
success thus far have caused among
her people cannot be lightly dismis-
sed. There is an ominous background
of fact behind such characteristics
statements as these:
It will be impossible to prevent
the success'of a plan so well pre-
pared and carried through with
such gigantic strength by the
new quadruple, alliance (Germany,
Austria, Turkey and Bulgaria).
No English, French, Russian or
Italian improvisation can prevent
us from performing the task which
points us to the East.
The alliance stands firmly across
the path longed for for a junction
of the forces of Russia and Brit-
ish imperialism. The war appears
to have reached its climax. It is
a question of life, or death for
the nations. We are more certain
today than ever that we shall win.
Today, nearly fifteen months
after the war began, German ar-
mies are still deep in the enemies’
lands. The Servian capital is in
our hands; the road to Constan-
tinople will be open before an-
other month has passed: In India,
Egypt, Persia, the whole world,
the impotence of England, France
and Russia is universally recog-
nized.
Much of this may be discounted. It
is reminiscent of the premature re-
joicing over the tumultous onset to-
ward Paris—-which ended at the
Marne; and of the triumphant pro-
phecies of a sea ruled by submarines,
which wer shattered by English fish-
ing boats and their man hmnting nets.
But it is not all the rhetoric of a
fanatical nationalism. Germany has
morally subjugated the Balkans, and
only desperate efforts can prevent their
military conquest by her. And beyond
them the unnumbered hosts of Asia
are listening to the tramp of her le-
gions, well knowing that if those
armies reach the city of the Sultan the
scepter of Eastern dominion ultimately
will pass from London to Berlin.
THE GERMAN WORLD PLAN.
Close observers of world politics
have long been familiar with the tre-
mendous designs of Pan-Germanism,
just now reaching their culminating
effort—the creation of a Teutonic em-
pire stretching across Europe and
not sentiment; lasting because effi-
Asia; a structure built upon science
cient, invulnerable, because linked to-
gether by solid land instead of the
uncertain sea.
Here is the arresting fact in the
gigantic vision: It contemplates a
world empire to be won and held by
overland conquest, in defiance of rival
mastery of the seas. That is to say,
armies, not only to remap three conti-
nents, but to overturn a principle
which has governed the development
of nations for more than two thous-
and years and has been accepted as a
law of . racial evolution.
The issue was clearly stated in that
remarkable utterance from a leading
German paper which we printed a
few days ago. Boldly it declared that
the “road to Calais” might well be
abandoned, for the spot where a fatal
blow could be most easily struck
against the power of Great Britain
was in the Balkans. And it revealed
the heart of the German purpose in
these words:
Our strength, like that of our
allies, lies in land power. We
must seek to deliver: the decisive
blow in a nother direction. We
are finally on the way to Constan-
tinople and the Dardanelles. With
Belgrade in our hands, the first
obstacle has already been over-
come.
A doctrine which for decades
dominated world policies is on
• trial; the theory that sea power
is the decisive influence upon the
course of history. Mahanism or
Moltkeism?—that is the question?
Are essentially land powers,
like ours, impotently at the mercy
land that was saved.” It was Trafal-
gar, rather than Waterloo, which fore-
shadowed St. Helena. .
But Mahan’s chief researches were
confined to the ‘period between* 1660,
when the sailing ship era had fairly
begun, and 1783, the close of the
American revolution. During this
period the map of the world was re-
made many times and the greatest
colonial expansions took place, and the
overshadowing feature is thus stated:
Under the eyes of Europe there
was being steadily built up the
power of the sea whose workings
because more silent than the clash
of arms, are less often noted. It
can scarcely be denied that Eng-
land’s uncontrolled dominion of the
seas was the chief among the
military factors that determined
the final issue.
Sea power was the foundation of
all the great colonial governments—
of Venice, and Genoa; of their succes-
sors, Portugal and Spain; of Holland
and France and England.
In 1700 Spain held what is now Bel-
gium, a large part of Italy, Sicily and
Sardinia, Cuba, Porto Rico and vast
territories in the Americas—and lost
them with the decline, of her naval
strength.
In the seventeenth century Holland
all but monopolized the trade between
Europe and the Orient; she had colonies
in South Africa, Ceylon and Java, her
merchant fleet numbered ten thousand
sail, and all the nations of the earth
paid tribute to her carriers. When
internal dissension and parsimony led
the Dutch to starve their naval estab-
lishment, their supremacy slipped from
them.
France, fitted to gain mastery of the.
seas, chose to expand by land. Her
naval power, neglected for a full cen-
tury, was finally extinguished by Eng-
land, and with it passed from her
the rich territories in Asia and Amer-
ica which the valor of her soldiers
and sailors had won.
It was upon the maritime wreckage
of Spain, Holland and France that
her western colonies, Australia and
that amazing ring of ports and naval
stations which place her flag on guard
over every waterway the world
around—Gibralter, Malta, Sue, Aden,
Ceylon, Singapore, Hongkong, Halifax,
Jamaica, Trinidad, Mauritius, the Cape
of Good Hope.
“The one nation which gained in this
(the Seven Years’) war,” says Mahan,
“was that which used the sea in peace
to earn its wealth, and ruled it in
war by the extent of its navy and by
its numerous bases of operations scat-
tered over the globe.”
Not in conquest alone has sea power
proved its efficacy. It was the failure
to use the French fleet that caused the
overthrow of James II and permitted
William of Orange to carry through
the revolution of 1688. The success of
the American revolution “was assured
upon the day when . France devoted
her sea power to the support of the
colonists.”’ It was the blockade en-
forced by the United ’States navy that
crushed the confederacy.
Three hundred years ago Sir Walter
Raleigh, in his cell in the Tower of
London, wrote down the formula which
has governed hitherto the development
of nations:
For whosoever commands the sea
commands the trade; whosoever
commands the trade of the world
commands the riches of the world,
and consequently the world it-
self.
This is the principle, supported by
the history of centuries, which. Germany
declares she will set aside, by creat-
ing and maintaining a world empire
in spite of overwhelming sea power
against her.
No more daring conception has ever
inspired a nation-—to defy what seems
to be a law of human progress as.
though it were of no more account than
a treaty. Is it possible of realiza-
tion? Can even the military might .
which thus far has withstood the pres-
sure of four grea powers achieve a
plan so gigantic?
“Control of the sea,” says Mahan, -
' “is but one link in the chain of ex-
change by which wealth accumulates;
but it is the central link.” Lacking it, /
what is the prospect for Germany’s
tremendous world venture?
Since England and Germany are the
real antagonists in the war, one of
which must succumb to the other, re-
gardless of the terms which other bel-
ligerents may make, fundamental dif-
ferences in their positions must be
noted, because they very vitally affect
the influence of that sea power which
has determined so many conflicts.
First, British dominion being world
wide, while the power of the Teutonic 1
alliance is concentrated, one must con-
ceive of the former encompassing the
latter. In such a situation the nation
surrounded has the advantage of being
able to strike from interior lines, while
the encompassing power must defend
itself on a large circle. Horeover, con-
quest of the encircled power must be
complete to be effective, while defeat
of the surrounding empire at a single
point—Egypt, for example—may be
the prelude of disaster to the whole.
THE PERIL TO ENGLAND.
Second, Great Britain is an insular ■
nation and Germany continental, and
in this difference lie further complica- '
tions. The security of an insular em-
pire is determined not by the defense
of its own Shores, but by control of the
external shores of the sea in which it
is situated. It is the principle that
makes the German occupation of Bel-
gium and northern France such a dire
menace to England.
Again, the natural and inevitable
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Galveston Tribune. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 35, No. 298, Ed. 1 Tuesday, November 9, 1915, newspaper, November 9, 1915; (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1458509/m1/3/: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Rosenberg Library.