Black Leaders: Texans for Their Times: Searching Inside

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... of the university's "atom smasher," they reasoned that the state would have to duplicate the nuclear facility... of Texas and similar state institutions to admit Negroes to graduate and professional schools. Accordingly... program in architecture during the summer session of 1950. They were the University of Texas's first Negro...'s registration to the University of Texas medical school.64 Sweatt heralded the Court's decision as a "milestone... to apply to the university's engineering school at the time of the Sweatt decision. Having learned

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... of History at Texas Tech University. In the field of black history, his publications include Black Texans... professor of history at Texas A&M University. He is coeditor of Chicano: The Evolution of a People (1973... on the NAACP in Texas, which is the topic of his dissertation at the University of Texas at Austin. Bruce A.... Glasrud is professor and chair in the Department of History at California State University, Hayward. He... on the NAACP and the ownership of property in the University of Texas at Arlington, Essays in History (1974

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...; and Wendell, to the University of Nevada. "All of my children had to go out of this state to get... students at the University of Texas, the gentle genius captivated his audiences with his satirical wit, his... to go to college. John, his oldest son, attended Iowa State College in Ames, where he studied under... George Washington Carver. Erma went to Columbia University; Jack, to the University of Michigan... and trouble right here in Texas."15 Heman selected Wiley College, a private institution in Marshall

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... In Texas a challenge was long overdue. The University of Texas's ranking law school was preeminent in legal... actually applied.4 The Texas State Conference of NAACP Branches launched the endeavor early in 1945, when... on the possibility of a suit against the university. On April 9, A. Maceo Smith, the state's NAACP leader... the right to attend the University of Missouri law school, but he vanished after the Supreme Court... education within the state and its alumni included an impressive array of leading lawyers, jurists

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..., he shared the platform with Jim Smith, University of Texas student body president, and J. Frank Dobie... of conforming the case to Texas procedure, which out-of-state NAACP lawyers found quite knotty and different..., the distinguished folklorist and critic of the university's administration. Sweatt used the opportunity to emphasize... a legal education at the university, not a wife."41 In addition to NAACP rallies, he participated... that he would attend a segregated law school at Prairie View if it were equal to that of the University

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... of the remand, the state at least had a physical facility to compare with the University of Texas. While... three University of Texas law professors to teach courses on a part-time basis in addition... to their teaching responsibilities at the university. University of Texas law school dean Charles McCormick... Texans for Their Times 171 the library of the Texas Supreme Court. They assigned... the state had raised the stakes in an effort to retain segregation, the NAACP altered its original strategy

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.... The climax came on February 26, 1946, when Heman Sweatt attempted to register at the University of Texas... to the university campus. At the registrar's office they met with President T. S. Painter and other university... officials. Hester, as spokesman for the blacks, asked what the state had done to provide graduate... having to compete with others in the state for jobs. They needed improved educational opportunities. When... Painter explained that nothing was available except the out-of-state scholarships, Hester replied

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... to the multimillion-dollar Texas State University for Negroes, had learned the cost of "separate but equal." The Sweatt..., while at the same time increasing its vulnerability. Both the state of Texas and the NAACP had gained... experience and insight since Heman Sweatt had applied for admission to the University of Texas law school... student, state officials responded by violating the Texas segregation statute. Although Barnett... in 1946. The state, from its contract arrangement in Houston and basement law school in Austin

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... the exact equal of the University of Texas in books, in seats, and in faculty. If it were a segregated law... and its permanent counterpart in Houston were equal to the University of Texas. Another assistant, Joe... University for a traditional mock hearing. There, sympathetic faculty members, attorneys, and judges tried... and could not receive it in a separate law school. Nor did it matter whether the state built a law school...' presentation. He attempted to justify the state's separation by race and to prove that the basement school

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... of acquiring a legal education in Texas. The attorney advised seeking admission to the University of Texas law... school. He knew that the university was vulnerable, since there was no law school for blacks in the state... contemplated attending the University of Michigan law school but decided against doing so when his father.... Under the Gaines precedent, Texas would either have to provide a separate school for Sweatt or admit him... to the university. Later that fall Sweatt decided not only to apply to the university but also to serve as the NAACP

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... be depended upon to attend the University of Texas if the suit were won. Even willing to risk physical harm... continue to aim their gun at the doorof the state's main university. This course was the only way to gain... the system of segregation.52 The reports Sweatt received from students attending Texas State 176... to the present educational struggle of Negroes of Texas," Sweatt wrote privately that he had been "very cautious... entrance to that university. At the same time it would force the greatest possible equality under

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... (Archives, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas); Banks to Walton, Nov. 11, 1926, Banks Papers. 15... of the University of Oklahoma and former president of Texas A & M, did this study with the cooperation of nineteen..., State Department of Education, concerning his hopes for Banks in raising the standards of the college.... Walton to Reid, Dec. 16, 1926. 14. Minutes of Board of Directors, Texas A & M Univeristy, Nov. 10, 1926.... Ella P. Baker to Banks, July 2, 1926, Banks Papers. 16. Peyton Irving, Jr., state college examiner

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... the challenge of organizing a department of art at Texas Southern University for Negroes. Hazel is a lovely... in Tallahassee. In December, 1948, in the middle ofJohn's last year of residency at Penn State, she came... taught at Alabama State Teachers College. In August they went to Houston, where John had accepted... and take his chances as an artist. Several times he has been tempted, but his work at Texas Southern... of a whole generation of young black artists in Texas. Formidable obstacles confronted John Biggers

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... Marshall and Durham were not present, John J. Jones, president of the Texas State Conference, did attend.6... the University of Texas. Smith announced that a suit following the Gaines precedent would be filed to secure... Within two weeks the State conference regained the limelight when its executive committee met in Dallas... court level, and five hundred dollars for the appellate work. Although the State Conference would assume..., the State Conference worked to secure money and a plaintiff. With substantial publicity from Wesley

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..., favored the creation of a separate university over blacks' admission to the University of Texas... guaranteed victory under the Gaines precedent. Yet the establishment of the basement school enabled the state... to contend at least that it met the provisions of the Gaines ruling. Second, the state's Court of Civil... in any other NAACP state. Their support was crucial since they would have to finance the lawsuit which... that the Negroes of Texas favored segregation. Yet, despite Marshall's impression, black public opinion

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... carrier. In size and appearance, Sweatt was an unlikely challenger to face the state of Texas...'s young legal associate, Crawford B. Bunkley, Jr., apply to the university for a master's degree in law.... A graduate of the University of Michigan law school, Bunkley, while unenthusiastic, was willing to apply so... that the university regulations regarding a master's program be examined, since universities sometimes reserve... school they should attack first in Texas and the best location to do this. When the NAACP Regional

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... Joe are really gone." 49 Sweatt himself wrote an article which appeared in the University of Texas... magazine, Texas Ranger. Entitled "Why I Want to Attend The University of Texas, " the essay concluded... the lawsuit brought Sweatt both celebrity status and notoriety. In addition to the Texas press, several... out-of-state newspapers, including the New York Herald-Tribune, sent reporters to interview him. After a writer... in the state and the only one that could offer him training equal to that available to other students. He

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..., University of Texas at Austin) 93. Rusk to Colonel Bowles, Aug 15, 1838, Rusk Papers (Austin University) 94... against the Republic of Texas, Audited Military Claims, 2-12/345 (Archives Division, Texas State Library..., farming, and inundation by the creek. In 1936 the state of Texas placed a monument on the site... Black Leaders Wrutngs of Sam Houston, II, 38 85 Telegraph and Texas Register (Houston), June 13... either came to Texas 90 Winfrey and Day (eds ), Texas Indan Papers, I, 22-28 91 Joseph Milton Nance

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... of Pennsylvania, 116 University of Texas at Austin, 120, 147, 148; engineering school, 181; graduate school, 181...; law school, 159-161, 165-182; medical school, 180-181 University of Texas Press: book published by..., 204-205 University of Chicago, 116 University of Maryland, 158-158, 174 University of Michigan, 163, 164..., 165 University of Missouri, 143; law school, 159, 164 University of Nevada, 163 University..., 210-213 University of Wisconsin, 213 Up From Slavery: quoted, 115 urban slave: chapter on, 1-18 Utah, 101

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... and similar activities-the University of Texas law school was superior. Moreover, the Court went beyond..., and the traditions and prestige of the University of Texas which made it "one of the nation's ranking law schools..., witnesses, jurors, judges, and state officials with whom he would inevitably be dealing in the practice... of law. To exclude the petitioner from the racial group that made up 85 percent of the Texas... v. Oklahoma State Regents and Henderson v. United States Interstate Commerce Commission and Southern