Jacksboro Gazette. (Jacksboro, Tex.), Vol. 28, No. 23, Ed. 1 Thursday, November 7, 1907 Page: 3 of 8
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INTERESTING TRIP
UP MT. HERMON
NEVER-TO-BE FORGOTTEN SUN-
RISE AND MOONLIGHT
SPLENDOR OF THE OLD
MOUNTAIN.
THE WAY MARKED WITH
Bible History at Every Curve of
the Road. Hasbeiya, Impor-
tant In the Missiou Work.^
Beirut, Sept. 17, 1907.
Mr. J. N. Rogers, Jacksboro, Texas.
The trip from Jezziu to Mt. Her-
mon and back took four days. On
the way'there we passed through rug-
ged country along rough paths. The
first day we passed by the Latani riv-
er, in which we enjoyed a swim. It
is a swiftly flowing stream of green-
ish hue at the bottom of a great
gorge. In the afternoon we stopped
at a large village on a height oppo-
site Mt. Hermon and overlooking the
rich meadow Ayun, the Ijon of I
Kings 15. A specially fine view of
Mt. Hermon as it stretches from
north to south is to be had from this
village; and at sunset when the pur-
plish light of the closing day falls up-
on the bare face of the mountain the
sight is very attractive. The second
day we visited a country market held
every Tuesday. Scores of camels and
donkeys had brought grain, while in
the little stalls with stone walls,
open fronts, and roofs of leaves and
twigs, were displayed a great variety
of articles—hardware and groceries,
dry goods and fresh meats, all crowd-
ed together. We met a pupil of the
Sidon school and had lunch with him
in the market, the meat being broil-
ed on spits over the coals. An h<5ur
farther on we began the ascent of Mt.
Hermon.entering a valley near the ru-
ins of an ancient church. Our desti
nation was a village called Shelba,
about half way up the mountain, in
a very pretty valley filled with springs
of icy water. We went to the home
of the only Protestant there and ar-
ranged with him to go up the! moun-
tain. He had already been up to the
summit some thirty odd times. At
midnight,in the light of an almost full
moon we began our upward march.
The path winds from valley to valley
and is nowhere very steep; so that
we could easily stay on our mules
all the time. The night was cold,
however, and I preferred walking; so
I rode and walked at intervals. The
path reaches the top of the ridge
about half way between the northern
summit and the southern summit
We could look down on the great
plains of the Hauran. The morning
star was shining brightly and near it
the comet, called in Arabic the star-
father of a tail. The wind came cold
over the ridge; so I walked the rest
of the way, an hour and a half, while
my companions (a teacher from Sidon
and the young son of Mrs. Eddy) rode
and shivered. Along this ridge we
passed by a large field of snow, the
crust cf which was quite hard, though
when we returned several hours later
it was melting. The snow of Mt. Her-
mon is carried down to the towns be-
low as far as Sidon and used as ice
in America. There may be a refer-
ence to this in Proverbs 25:13:—
“As the cold of snow in the time
of harvest,
So is a faithful nyessenger to them
that send him;
For he refresheth the soul of his
masters."
t . - . • K -
As we neared the highest summit,
about 9,050 feet above sea-level, the
rosy east announced the coming of
day; and not long after we had ar-
rived the sun rose in all his splendor,
“You are great,” exclaimed one of
our muleteers, “but the One who made
you is greater.” Below us lay clouds,
here like great seas
created them;
Tabor and Hermon rejoice in Thy
name.”
Like the dew of Hermon,
That cometh down upon the moun-
tains of Zion:
For there Jehovah commanded the
blessing,
Even life forevermore.”
“Come with me from Lebanon, my
bride,
With me from Lebanon:
Look from the top of Amana,
From the top of Senir and Hermon,
From the lions’ dens,
From the mountains of the leop-
ards.”
In the book of Deuteronomy Moses
mentions Mount Hermon as one of the
borders of the land which the Israel-
ites had taken, “which Hermon the
Sidonians call Sirion, and thei Amo-
rites call it. Senir.” The Sidonians
of today call it Gebel esh-Sheikh, or
mountain of the white-haired. Caesa-
rea Philippi is near the southern end
Of Mt. Hermon; so it is quite likely
that this mountain range inoiudes the
Mount of Transfiguration.
The ascent had taken five hours;
we stayed on the summit three hours
looking about, while the boy who was
with us made a snow-man; the de-
scent took four hours. This made
twelve hours in all from midnight to
noon and we were thoroughly tired
out. So we slept and rested. The
next day we returned to Jezzin by wa
of Hasbeiya, the trip taking fifteen
hours, counting two hours’ stay at
Hasbeiya. This town is an important
field in our mission work; it was al-
so one of the chief centers of the
massacres of 1860. The pastor of our
church told us that among the multi-
tudes killed at that time were his
father and his brother. It is estimat-
ed that in Damascus, Hasbeiya, and
other places 14,000 Christians were
slaughtered at that time. \
About an hour from Hasbeiya we
came to the upper sources of the Jor-
dan river. Above a dam about four-
teen feet high is a flat expanse of
land. Not rushing out of some moun-
tain side, as you might expect it, does
the water come, but bubbling up ev-
erywhere in shallow streams;and thus
quite a stream is formed, the sides of
which are lined with trees and shrubs
and abundant vegetation.
These summer weeks gave me a
view of Southern Lebanon; last week
in a trip of.six days I got a glimpse
of Northern Lebanon, including a vis-
it. to the Cedars and to the beautiful
valley of the Adonis. On Saturday I
had ridden up from Sidon with Mr.
Jessup to his summer home in the
mountains near Beirut. Early Mon-
day morning I set out on the trip
northward through the Northern Leb-
anon mountains. Each day I rode or
walked from ten to fourteen hours.
Great valleys and vine-clad hills made
the way interesting. On Tuesday we
passed along a deep ravine and along
the face of the great Jebel Sannla.
Crossing a spur of this mountain we
came to two springs, one called Milk
Spring and the other Honey Spring.
So this valley seemed to flowwith milk
and honey. It is a very fruitful dis-
trict indeed, the springs sending forth
an abundant supply of water. Be-
tween these two springs is a great nat
ural bridge, an almost perfect arch
perhaps twelve feet thick in the cen-
ter; the bridge has a span of 125 feet,
being about 75 feet above the bed of
the stream. It is thus considerably
longer than the natural bridge of Vir-
ginia, though not as high.
Wednesday we passed by the spring
of Adonis. In the center of a great
i amphitheater of cedar covered moun-
tains is a large cave from which the
water pours in winter time. At this
time it was coming from a spring at
one side of the cave. The' cave is
reached with a ladder; from the in-
nermost wall to the entrance I count-
ed sixty large steps; the roof of the
cave is high. A pretty waterfall is
below and nearby are the ruins of a
temple to Venus, “destroyed by order
of Constantine on account of the im-
purity of the rites celebrated in it.
The myth of Venus and Adonis was
connected with this place on account
Bea-leveL “Why Is there only this
group of trees, while all the rest of
the mountain is bare?” I asked my
muleteer. “Ah,” he replied, “these are
blessed of the Lord; these are the
cedars of the Lord.” This group, con-
sisting of some 400 trees, contains
probably the oldest in Syria. They
are great trees, 70 or 80 feet in cir-
cumference. The grove is exceedingly
pleasant and attractive. A friend told
me I must stay two weeks to enter
into the spirit of the place; I could
stay but two hours, but I felt that it
was a spot of which one would grow
very fond. You would soon form
friendships, as it were, with particu-
lar trees. Here, for instance, is one
with all its branches on one side, the
side toward the light, and yet it
stands as erect as a soldier; and here
are two whose branches interlocking
in friendly embrace have grown into
each other; and there is another,
somewhat apart from the rest, and
showing more clearly the ideal sym-
metrical form of the cedar.
“The trees of Jehovah are filled with
moisture,
The cedars of Lebanon, which he hath
planted.”
“‘The righteous shall flourish like the
palm tree:
He shall grow like a cedar in Leba-
non.”
The “cedar in Lebanon with fair
branches, and with a shadowing
shroud, and of a high stature" was a
type of prosperity. King Hiram of
Tyre had cedar trees .out of Lebanon
hewn for King Solomon for the build-
ing of the temple; and at the rebuild-
ing of the temple, they gave “meat
and drink and oil unto them of Tyre
and to them of Sidon to bring cedar
trees from Lebanon to the sea, unto
Joppa, according to the grant that
they had of Cyrus king of Persia.”
Friday morningwe passed through a
grove of young cedars that was even
more beautiful that the older grove.
For miles you ride along on the hill-
sides covered with these trees, which
cling to the rocky cliffs and whose
green branches look beautiful against
the gray rock. There were probably
many hills thus covered in the time
of Solomon. As we ride along we
have a clear view of Tripoli and its
orange groves far below us. The
rest of the day’s journey is of no
special interest with the exception of
a long, steep descent we made into
the valley of a stream. The path was
like a winding staircase down the ver-
tical cliff, the steepest bridle path,
have ever seen. [Since writing this I
have received a letter from Dr. Samu-
el Jessup in reply to an account of
my trip. He says, in part* “The steep
winding road'down to the lower Tan-
nooreen.is where the muleteer general-
ly holds on to the mule’s tail when he
is determined to keep him from go-
ing down cart wheel fashion. I have
often been down it and up the beau-
tiful gorge to the upper Tannooreen.”]
In the evening we were in a town
above the valley of the Adonis; it was
the eve of the day ■ v. s of the
celebration of the supposed finding of
the cross of Christ and the numerous
bonfires on either side of the valley
were quite picturesque. According to
the legend the news of the finding of
the cross was carried back to the west
by meanp of beacon fires on the crests
of high mountains; these bonfires are
to recall the beacon lights.
Henry G. Howard.
of snow, therejff the ®pHngs 0f Adolli8- The stream
like afure awnings suspended by 18 occasionally colored red ™in-
thfeads "of gauze. We stayed three I**1 Matter’' whldh the anclents re-
hours on the mountain top and the!garded aB tbe blood of Adonls shed by
clouds lifted so that we had a fine the W,ld boar” The slte of the tem-
view of the coast near Sidon being Ple ls eVi<lently reSarded as still sa
out off by the intervening hills; to "f1’ f0r a tree growlnK out °f the
the north and northeast the antl-Leb- rUlns ls Covered wlth kerchiefs and
anon range; Damascus was hidden in
clouds;'to the east and southeast far
rags tied on in token of some vows.
Wednesday and Thursday evenings
below us the Hauran; to the south the 1 Spent in thc sumnler of some
lake of Gallilee. The waters of Mc-
rbm were not visible, but we had seen
them from the village mentioned
above, near Ijon.
Mt. Hermon culminates in three
peaks, the highest being in the mid-
dle, but at the northern end of the
tiventymile range that takes the name
of Hermon. The summit is quite bare
with the exception of a growth that
somewhat resembles moss, but grows
in laige round hemispheres. The ru-
ins cf a temple, supposed by some to
have been a temple to the Bun, are
«£ill to be seen. Mt. Hermon was of
note among the mountains of Israel:
"The north and the south, Thou has
ON THE TRAIL OF THE
AMERICAN MISSIONARY
By WILLIAM T. ELLIS
This Distinguished American Journalist is Traveling Around the World for
the Purpose of Investigating the American Foreign Missionary from
a Purely Disinterested, Secular and Non-Sectarian Standpoint.
Illustrated with Drawings and from Photographs.
BOTH BLAME AND PRAISE
FOR MISSIONS AT PEKING
Peking, China.—The missions at
Peking are often pointed out as mod-
els. And with reason. The workers
are of a higher grade than ordinary,
and they maintain pleasant social re-
lations with the legation people and
with the few other Europeans in the
capital. They are on friendly terms
with eminent Chinese. Their work is
substantially planted, and housed in
fine quarters. They display a degree
of denominational corrity far in ad-
vance of what is generally to be found
in America. At least one prosperous
native church exists, and a medical
and educational service is rendered to
the community which commands the
praise of all observers. There are
serious grounds for criticism, also,
and these will be mentioned later.
The American missions are the
Northern Methodists, the Congrega-
tionalists, and the Presbyterians, the
London Mission and the French
Roman Catholics represent the con-
tinent of Europe. Near Peking, and
to be considered in this general
group, are the Congregational Mission
at Tung Chow, and the Presbyterian,
Congregational and China Inland Mis-
sion at Pao-Ting-fu, both of which
cities were centers of the Boxer out-
rages. The year 1900 wiped the mis-
sionary slate clean, so that, in most
cases, there was not even a vestige
of the former establishments left.
This accounts for the newness, order-
liness and attractiveness of the much-
discussed mission compounds.
How Missions Get Together.
The most notable feature of mission
no end of Manchu reactions can over-
come.
How Chinese “Get Religion.”
I dropped into two street chapels
in Peking, one belonging to an inde-
pendent native church and one at-
tached to the American board
compound. The street chapel is the
approved method of reaching the
crowds in Chinese cities. It is a
typicai Chinese room, open to the
street, where a native or a missionary
spends two or three hours every aft-
ernoon expounding Christianity to
whoever drops in, and there is a deal
of coming and going, since it no long-
er brings disgrace upon a man to
listen to the preaching of “the Jesus
way.”
Various methods of approach are
used, all depending upon the bent of
the preacher's mind. At the Congre-
gational street chapel I heard a native
pitching into idol worship as a for-
eigner would scarcely consider it
politic to do. Advantage is often
taken of the Chinese ignorance of the
physical world to lead him up to the
teaching of one God through the facts
of geography and astronomy. I
asked a missionary if natives are
often converted by a single hearing
of the Christian story, and the an-
swer was that occasional well-authen-
ticated instances of such are known
to almost every missionary.
The service I attended in the na-
tive chapel partook largely of the na-
ture of a prayer meeting, with par-
ticipation by numerous persons. At
the close several hearers expressed an
interest in Christianity and a desire
m
11 (L
JL
.Mil
i -
A Wholesome Philosophy.
Absolulte honesty and a deftnitp
will often produce better results with-
out unusual intellectual gifts or oppor-
tunity than the keenest Intellect can
attain without! these moral qualities.
It would be an easy thing to quote
cases of noted men and women in
whom defects of character have prac-
tically nullified the most conspicuous
intellectual gifts.
A philosophy of life is not what we
think about life, hot the convictions
which govern our actions. It has well
been called the “working hypothesis
of life.” Since well-directed power is
the measure of success, it is within
the reach of every human being.
Play your part well—be it great or
small—and despair will disappear, like
the morning mist before the sun,
Your part is not to expend your ner-
vous force in cynical criticism, but in
the high obligation to build on what-
ever foundation you may possess.
The Delineator.
of the Tripoli missionaries. The mis
sionaries in Syria are especially bless-
ed in being able to retreat from the
excessive heat of the coastduring sum-
mer and carry on their work in the
mountains. Thursday I went to the
cedars and back. They are visible a
long way off—a little group of trees
in the midst of a great expanse of
bare mountain. The way leads along
a gorge in which are many caves and
houses built under the rocky cliffs.
As we approach the Cedars we get a
clearer view of the great bare amphi-
theater of mountains about them, tow
erlng up to a height of 10,000 feet,
with here and there a patch of snow.
The Cedars are about 6,315 feet above
Do you know how Gen. Thomas Jon
athan Jackson received the sobriquet
“Stonewall,” which never left him?
The troops of South Carolina, com-
manded by General Bell, had been
overwhelmed at the battle of Manas-
sas, and he rode up to Jackson in de
spair, exclaiming: “They are beating
us back.” “Then,” said Jackson, “we
will give them the bayonet.” Bell rode
off to rejoin his command, and cried
out to them to look at General Jack-
son, saying, “There he stands like a
stone wall. Rally behind the Virgin-
ians!”
Mm
The North China College and the American Board Compound, Tung Chow.
One dollar well invested—the Ga-
zette for one year.
work hereabouts is the union educa-
tional plan, In which all the missions
are united. Thus the Congregational-
ists put into the scheme the fine new
college for men at Tung Chow, and
the college for young women at Pek-
ing; the Presbyterians, the theological
seminary, and the London Mission the
great medical college and hospital at
Peking. The Methodists unite only in
the medical college. Each denomina-
tion has representatives on the faculty
of all these institutions, and they are
jointly managed. Each mission main-
tains its own primary or day schools
as before.
The result is an educational work
for the Chinese which must evoke
the admiration of every one who sees
it. The empress dowager is a con-
tributor to the medical school and
hospital. All the buildings are large
and well equipped, with the possible
exception, in the last particular, of
the theological seminary, and it has a
fine body of students, and with high-
grade instruction., The quality of the
teaching throughout, both in the in-
stitutions mentioned and In the Pek-
ing university, is the strength of the
enterprise. If there were room, I
should like to enumerate the men and
women who are pouring their power
into the creation of a new leadership
for China. Such teachers as Rev. Dr.
W. A. P. Martin, long head of the Im-
perial university; Rev. Dr. D. Z. Shef-
field and Rev. Dr. J. Wherry, the emi-
nent authors and educators; Rev. Dr.
C. Goodrich, linguist and theologian,
whose dictionary every student of
China knows; Miss Luella Miner, au-
thor and leader in woman’s education;
Prof. Isaac T. Headland, author of
books on Chinese folk lore and art-
such as these would make any edu-
cational work great.
If there were room for particulars
I could tell incident after incident to
Illustrate what ail this means in the
awakening of China. I chanced upon
“essay afternoon” at the woman’s col-
lege, when the girls were having their
weekly social exercises. Now Chinese
girls look stupid; their expressionless,
unattractive faces reveal nothing.
Yet I heard ’ those girls get up and
make speeches, without five minutes’
warning upon the general subject of
reform and progress, that would have
made the statesmen of ten years ago
call f£>r the headsman. The girls are
studying foreign governments and
reading their own newspapers, and
what they had to say about the needs
jof Chinese government was so point-
ed and practical as to take one’s
breath. This is the sort of thing that
--------.——-—---__
to become “inquirers.” Since there
were absolutely no material advan-
tages to be gained by this step, inas-
much as the work was exclusively na-
tive, I could not but regard this as
one evidence of the sincerity of the
Chinese desire for the Christian teach-
ing. In this chapel I noticed a list of
the martyred members who had per-
ished in 1900.
Where Martyrs Were Many.
In Pao-Ting-fu and Tung Chow
I found remarkably . prosperous
churches. That at the latter place is
quite self-supporting, and it has a
percentage of educated, prominent
citizens far beyond the proportion ex-
isting in the city at large, thus dis--
proving the charge that only the low-
er classes enter the church. One does
not meet in the homeland many
churches showing a more generally
vigorous, healthy and active life than
this one. Quite a strong Christian
community now clusters about It, al-
though this region was sorely rav-
aged by the Boxers and the allied
troops. In this American board com-
pound, which is quite a close second
to the Methodist compound at Peking
in extent and impressiveness, although
different in being situated outside of a
city, a visitor finds, in addition to
Miss Chapin, who was given a medal
by King Edward for her hospital work
in the Peking siege, and Rev. Dr.
M. Williams, who led the party of
missionary fugitives from the Boxers
1,000 miles across Mongolia; the lov-
able veterans, Dr. and Mrs. D. Z. Shef-
field, who suggest that the best way
to keep young and happy is to go to
the foreign mission field.
Down in Pao-Ting-fu the martyrs’
memorial church is worthy of a visit,
having beside it the grave of 26 mar-
tyrs, marked by simple headstones,
those of the missionaries being no dif-
ferent from the Chinese. Here lie
the bodies of D^. Howard Taylor and
Horace Tracy Pitkin. The Presby-
terian martyrs are buried on the other
side of the city. This is an indepen-
dent Congregational organization of
natives, who not only support and di-
rect their own work, but maintain
various philanthropic enterprises be-
sides. The outstanding personality In
Pao-Ting-fu is Rev. Dr. J. W. Lowrie,
of the Presbyterian Mission, the man
who saved the city from destruction
by the allies. Although his own
friends and comrades as well as
his converts, had been massacred
he prevailed upon the military
expedition which he guided, to spare
the city, with the result that he is
held in highest honor by the Chinese.
I found his church full of attentive
hearers, many soldiers being among
the number. Dr. Lowrie’s mother,
who came to China more than 50
years ago, is still working at Pao-
Ting-fu. Here is a fine girls’ school,
conducted by Miss Grace Newton, and
two hospitals. It was a spectacle to
watch Dr. Charles Lewis put through
a crowd of dispensary patients at the
rate of more than one a minute, in-
cluding minor operations.
From Pao-Ting-fu and Tung Chow
itinerating is done out into the sur-
rounding country, as also from Pek-
ing. Reverting to the capital itself, a
word should be spoken concerning the
weekly union service for English-
speaking persons in the Congregation-
al church, which are quite well at-
tended. These are conducted by vari-
ous missionaries, and managed, I be-
lieve, by Rev. Dr. W. S. Ament, the
dominant personality of the American
Board Mission here. There is a
weekly church of England service in
the British legation chapel. There are
also German and French churches.
The army and navy department of
the International Young Men’s Chris-
tian association maintains an associa-
tion for the legation guards, but the
general impression seem? to be that
it rather misses the mark. I visited
it three times when the American
marines were off duty, but I never
saw a soldier about the building.
A Much Criticised Compound.
All the mission compounds in Pek-
ing are imposing, but most impressive
is that of the Northern Methodist
Episcopal Mission, concededly the
finest in China. In addition to the
large buildings of the boys’, school—■
or “Peking University,” as it is
called—and of the girls’ school, there
are the residences of the missionaries
and the large church. The entire
grounds are said to be larger than
any of the extensive legation grounds,
on which are housed not only minis-
ters and attaches, but a detachment of,
legation guards as well. Their im-
pressiveness is heightened by the
park-like arrangement of the attrac-
tive gray-stone homes of the mission-
aries.
This is the most criticised-missiofi
compound in China. I have heard
legationers business men, traveling
and other missionaries speak of it in
terms other than praise. Most of
these critics, it is fair to add, do not
know that all except two of the mis-
sionary families living in these attrac-
tive homes have incomes independent
of their salaries.
‘The compound was enlarged imme-
diately after the Boxer outbreak,
wlieh the Chinese were in a state of
terror and poverty. The ground was
bought at what one of the Methodist
missionaries characterized as “good
Chinese prices;” the charge fre-
quently made that the property was
“looted” Is unfounded. Nevertheless,
the opinion seems to prevail among
many Chinese and foreigners that an
unwise advantage was taken of pe-
culiar conditions and that the Method-
ist churbh will one day rue its great
"bargain,” for the Chinese never for-
get. The buildings were erected With
indemnity money.
A Methodist Scandal.
In connection with the securing of
the land for this compound occurs the
name of the man Whose personal
initiative put through the transaction,
the senior member of the Methodist
Mission. Concerning him I have heard
repeatedly the charge that he .. has
served as the representative of
corporations seeking mining and rail-
road concessions at Peking, using his
influence as an eminent and honored
missionary to secure privilege from
the government for the companies em-
ploying him.
Sizing Up the Denominations.
Reverting to the splendid equipment
of the Methodist mission at‘ Peking,
it has been noteworthy that every-
where I have gone I have found the
Methodist stations possessing the best
plants. Their work and their wprkers
are better cared for than those of any
other mission, so far as I have ob-
served. Other missionaries have re-
peatedly spoken . in admiration and
praise of this; personally, I think that
one great personality stationed ip a
city or a village is better than a fine
institution, but most missionaries
seem to think otherwise. It has also
been pointed out to me that, while the
Methodists have by no means fur-
nished the proportion of great men
to China that have come from the
ranks of the Congregationalists, the
Presbyterians and the British socie-
ties, they have yet maintained a high
average of general fitness and effi-
ciency. As one Presbyterian mission-
ary said to me: \ “Have you noticed
that you almost never see a Method-
ist missionary of whom you would
'say, because of incompetence: ‘He
should go home?’ I do not recall one
such in all China.” Nor do I.
In contrast with the Methodists,
the Presbyterians often under-man
and under-equip their missions. They
seem to be spread out too thin. Good
management would seem to advise
fewer stations and stronger. For in-
stance, the Presbyterian hospital at
Peking is closed, because it'was made
dependent upon one man, and when
he fell sick, the work stopped. SRn-
ilarly, the Presbyterian seminary
which went into the union of North
China educational institutions must
have made the Presbyterian workers
blush for the inadequacy of their con-
tribution to this great enterprise. One
man, D. Courtenay H. Fenn, who still
wins praise for the display of the
same qualities which earned him fame
as “the miller of the Peking siege,” is
bearing two men’s load in trying to
make up for the shortcomings of his
denomination in the matter of the
seminary.
(Copyright, 1S07. by Joseph B. Bowles.)
Read carefully the Gazette’s Popular Voting Contest on eighth page.
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Jacksboro Gazette. (Jacksboro, Tex.), Vol. 28, No. 23, Ed. 1 Thursday, November 7, 1907, newspaper, November 7, 1907; Jacksboro, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth731252/m1/3/: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Gladys Johnson Ritchie Library.