Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 88

                                
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN GROWTH AND ACTION

organization and maintenance of peace and security.
2. That those of them at war with a common enemy
will act together in all matters relating to the sur-
render and disarmament of that enemy. . . . 4. That
they recognize the necessity of establishing at the
earliest practicable date a general international or-
ganization, based on the principle of the sovereign
equality of all peace-loving states, and open to mem-
bership by all such states . . . for the maintenance
of international peace and security. . . . 6. That
after the termination of hostilities they will not em-
ploy their military forces within the territories of
other states except for the purposes envisaged in this
declaration and after joint consultation. 7. That they
will confer and co-operate . . . to bring about a prac-
ticable general agreement with respect to the regula-
tion of armaments in the postwar period.
The declaration on Austria called for the
liberation of that nation and stated that the Big
Three regarded Austria's annexation by Germany
on March 15, 1938 as null and void. As for Italy,
the three powers emphasized their agreement that
Fascism must be destroyed and that the Italian
people should be given every opportunity to
establish a government based upon democratic
principles. And finally, in the names of President
Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Mar-
shal Stalin, the conference issued a declaration
on German atrocities.
DECLARATION ON GERMAN ATROCITIES,
MOSCOW, NOVEMBER 1, 1943: . . . the . . .
three allied Powers, speaking in the interests of the
. . . United Nations . . . solemnly de-
Declaration   clare . . . at the time of the granting of
on German     any armistice . . . those German officers
atocities,    and men and members of the Nazi
'r e  party who have been responsible for, or
Moscow, 1943 have taken a consenting part in . . .
atrocities, massacres and executions, will
be sent back to the countries in which their abom-
inable deeds were done in order that they may be
judged and punished according to the laws of these
liberated countries and of the free governments which
will be created therein. . . . the three allied Powers
will pursue . . . [the guilty] to the uttermost ends of
the earth and will deliver them to their accusers in
order that justice may be done. The above declara-
tion is without prejudice to the case of the major
criminals . . . who will be punished by the joint
decision of the Governments of the allies.
Credit for much of the success of the Moscow
conference has been given to Secretary Hull. In
general, the meeting helped to unite the Big Three.
And, quite significantly, it demonstrated to the
Russians that the Anglo-American alliance was

capable of dealing diplomatically
Russia a full with the Soviet in Russia's own
partner in the capital city. From late 1943 onward
diplomacy of Russia was an equal partner in the
wartime       interallied conferences when matters
relating to affairs outside the Far
East were concerned. And later Russia also par-
ticipated in conferences on Far Eastern problems.
Following the Moscow conference, Churchill,
Roosevelt, and Chiang Kai-shek met at the Mena
House, resort hotel at the Pyramids, just outside
Cairo. This conference, November 22-26, 1943
dealt with Far Eastern matters. Madame Chiang
Kai-shek was present for a number of the dis-
cussions and served as interpreter for her husband.
A Russian representative was included in some of
the meetings not involving Japanese questions.
STATEMENT      ON    THE    CAIRO    CONFER-
ENCE, CAIRO, DECEMBER         1, 1943: . . . The
Three Great Allies are fighting this war to restrain
and punish the aggression of Japan. . . .
The Cairo     It is their purpose that Japan shall be
Conference of stripped of all the islands in the Pacific
I Which she has seized or occupied since
. . . 1914, and that all the territories
Japan has stolen from the Chinese . . .
shall be restored to the Republic of China. Japan
will also be expelled from all other territories which
she has taken by violence and greed. The . . . powers
. . . are determined that in due course Korea shall
become free and independent. With these objects in
view the three Allies . . . will continue to persevere in
the . . . operations necessary to procure the uncon-
ditional surrender of Japan.
From Cairo, Roosevelt and Churchill flew to

The first
Roosevelt-
Stalin-
Churchill
meeting,
Tehran, 1943

the capital of Iran. There at Teh-
ran they were joined by Josef Stalin
for the first meeting of the Big
Three leaders. The formal discus-
sions were  held in the    Russian
embassy at Tehran while dinners
and other gatherings took place at
the British and American diplomat-

ic residencies. The talks occupied four days, No-
vember 28 to December 1, 1943, and at the close
of the conference several declarations were issued.
THREE-POWER       DECLARATION,       TEHRAN,
DECEMBER 1, 1943: . . . We express our determi-
natign that our nations shall work together in war
and in the peace that will follow. . . . we have con-
certed our plans for the destruction of the German
forces. We have reached complete agreement as to
the scope and timing of the operations to be under-

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