Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 190
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AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN GROWTH AND ACTION
tige among the Western nations. But his domes-
tic policies left much to be wished. American
efforts therefore were directed chiefly toward con-
vincing Chiang and his supporters to broaden the
base of their political rule to accord recognition
to the elements within Chinese society-among
whom were the Chinese communists-regarded
as liberals. -
At Yalta, the Big Three had agreed that the
Soviet Union should enter into a treaty of friend-
ship and alliance with the government of Na-
tionalist China. This the Soviets
Sino-Soviet did on August 14, 1945. The pact
pact of 1945 granted the U.S.S.R. essentially the
rights held by the Czarist regime in
Manchuria before 1904, and certain rights in the
ports of Dairen and Port Arthur. In turn, the
Russians promised to support the Kuomintang
(or Nationalist) government of Chiang Kai-shek
-a direct pledge to see that Chiang's administra-
tion was preserved in power when Japan went
down to defeat. The Russians carried out their
promises only to the extent of evacuating Man-
churia (although dismantling a good portion of
the industrial plants of that province). Except
for their holdings at Port Arthur and Dairen, the
Russians were ostensibly out of Chinese territory
shortly after the close of the war. However, large
amounts of materiel abandoned by the Japanese
fell into the hands of the Chinese communists in
Manchuria.
American policy toward China was stated by
President Truman late in 1945.
STATEMENT ON AMERICAN POLICY TO-
WARD CHINA, WASHINGTON, DECEMBER 16,
1945: . . . It is the firm belief of this government
that a strong, united, and democratic
China is of the utmost importance to
President the success of . . . [the] United Na-
Truman tions . . . and for world peace. A China
states disorganized and divided . . . by for-
American eign aggression . . . or by violent inter-
policy toward nal strife is an undermining influence
to world stability and peace. . . . The
China . . . United States believes it essential:
(1) That a cessation of hostilities be
arranged between the armies of the National Govern-
ment and the Chinese Communists and other dissi-
dent Chinese armed forces for the purpose of com-
pleting the return of all China to effective Chinese
control. . . . (2) That a national conference of repre-
sentatives of major political elements be arranged todevelop an early solution to the present internal
strife. . . . The United States and the other United
Nations have recognized the present National Govern-
ment . . . as the only legal government in China. . . .
United States support will not extend to United
States military intervention to influence the course of
any Chinese internal strife. . . . The United States is
cognizant that the present National Government of
China is a "one-party government" and believes that
peace, unity, and democratic reform in China will be
furthered if the basis of this government is broad-
ened to include other political elements in the coun-
try. . . . The existence of autonomous armies such
as that of the Communist army is inconsistent with
. . . political unity in China. . . . autonomous armies
should be eliminated . . . and all armed forces . . .
integrated effectively into the Chinese National Army.
. . . As China moves toward peace and unity . . .
the United States would be prepared to assist the
National Government in every reasonable way to
rehabilitate the country. . . . it would be prepared to
give favorable consideration to Chinese requests for
credits and loans . . . for projects which would con-
tribute toward the development of a healthy
economy. . . .
A month before this statement of American
policy, President Truman had appointed General
George C. Marshall as his special
President emissary to China with the rank of
Truman ambassador. General Marshall set
sends General out for the Far East on December
Marshall to 15, 1945, arriving at Shanghai on
China as a the 20th and at Nanking the fol-
special envoy lowing day. Meanwhile, at the Mos-
cow conference of foreign ministers
Secretary Byrnes, Mr. Bevin, and Mr. Molotov
agreed on the need for a unified and democratic
China under Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist gov-
ernment. They also reaffirmed their support of
the policy of non-interference in Chinese domestic
affairs. Secretary Byrnes and Mr. Molotov
agreed, in addition, that American and Soviet
troops would be withdrawn at the earliest practi-
cable date.
At the outset, General Marshall's mission met
with some success. On January 10, 1946 he
induced the Chinese communists and the Kuom-
intang leaders to accept an armis-
Chinese tice. He set up truce teams which
leaders agree effected a number of separate truce
on interim arrangements in the contested areas
government of China. Under General Marshall's
influence the two factions agreed190
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Air University (U.S.). Extension Course Institute. Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action, book, April 1959; Alabama. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1077937/m1/204/?q=%22~1%22~1: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting National WASP WWII Museum.