Transactions of the Regional Archeological Symposium for Southeastern New Mexico and Western Texas: 2011 Page: 72
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research of the Ledger Art books were the best material to obtain information on the various
cultural art by the artists detained at Fort Marion, Florida after the Red River War of 1876.
Although the artists were influenced by the American artists, like Catlin and Bodmer who
spent time on the Plains recording the Plains Indians in their environment, which changed their
art from the primitive style of stick figures and rocky horse images. They learned to give their
art action figures with great detail in the movement of the illustrations in the Ledger books.
Many of the Indians developed into well-known artists in United States. Although the American
public became aware of the Indian artist at Fort Marion and purchased many of the Ledger
books, there is still many of the books in Museums and private collection.
The Ledger books of the Kiowa artists help development this research on the Kiowa's
Artist illustration of the Longhorn. Their use of the lyre shape to demonstrate the Longhorn's
horn and the coloring of the body with the forepart black/blue, known as Old Blue, with the
hindquarters colorless, only outlined. The Kiowa artists at Fort Marion used this method for the
Longhorn. There are several rock art sites in the southern Plains that also demonstrate this
method for depicted the Longhorn.
My conclusion is the Kiowa artist's developed this method of illustrating the Longhorn,
when they realized that the buffalo was no long the food source that they had enjoy in the past.
They also replaced the buffalo with the Longhorn in their belief system.
The shield of White Horse made in 1868 and was one of the artists that used the
Longhorn on his shield and the horn for ornament is his hair. We cannot determine, whether
White Horse was the first artist to use this shape for the Longhorn. The several shields that were
made during this time aren't available for review. But this image did get used by many of the
Kiowa artists in their art. This is one example of the research that can tract an art form adopted
by one culture in their art and their belief system.
Introduction to Plains Art
Beginning to attempt the tracing of stylistic development of the Plains Indians art from
petroglyphs and hide painting to the late glyphs of sky elements, hunted animals, and sacred
icons. The hide paintings (pre 1806) seemed to be of events through a form of visual shorthand
in contrast to the detailed refinement of the illustrated scenes on the later hides, like calendars
recording the yearly events of an individual. Tribe ledger drawings are both traditional warfare
themes and scenes from reservation life, ending with the influence of white man world. Also
there was the pressure later in the ledger draws to do art that would sell to the white man
customers. The origin of the hide painting has some controversy as to the location of the first
hide painting, some think that the Southwest contributed to this art form.
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Transactions of the Regional Symposium for Southeastern New Mexico and Western Texas: Index to Volumes 1-57 [1965-2024] (Book)
Index to the proceedings of the regional archeological symposium including separate lists by subject, title, author, and volume along with subject categories, a map of regions, and Texas county abbreviations.
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Robertson, Pinky. Transactions of the Regional Archeological Symposium for Southeastern New Mexico and Western Texas: 2011, book, 2012; Midland, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1661492/m1/78/?q=+date%3A1945-1972: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Southwestern Federation of Archaeological Societies.