The Civilian and Galveston Gazette. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 6, Ed. 1 Saturday, June 29, 1844 Page: 2 of 4
four pages : ill. ; page 20 x 13 in. Digitized from 35 mm. microfilm.View a full description of this newspaper.
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
i
SAT
A V«MUW>, M
AY. JUNE 29. 1844.
adopti*
issue of Exchequer
revenues of tile
.1 m * i L- i . ,i r...,. ' - jn the place of the aucien tonas thathad tbu been
tion-of Gen. Btnleson or im beat and «oat diBorieU ^ women who #in, p08#e„e¿ 80in6
friends to make the election an iaaue between hup*"' fortane. preferred an alliance vvitb tli "
roper and neceaaaiy for the
, ia to atop the further
A large proportion of the
nmetil for the present year baa
been collected in apefeie, aud we are perfectly ceitoin
of the entire practicability of collecting the whole a
mount in such funda, provided the atterap ia nihde.
It ia a matter bf no consequence to thosd who pay Ju>
ties, whether they 4o an in specie or exchequers, so
Ipng as. the sam*1 amount of valuáis,, required in ei-
ther. ,-Our objéctiona to continuing the further °f
exchequers are these: •
lst¿ The difficulty, or rather imposible y °f g'vl"g
to them an equal value throughout,Ae country. Wi
have, known them to be taken v Par 'n one custom
house, and at 50 or 75 cen« " another, at the ¿ame
time,
3J, The trouble « custom house offijer , in keep-
ing their book'«'«I miking calculation*, while the
value of íhese nt/tes ia continually changing.
3d, l'he great uncertainty attending the receipt and
disbun ement of these bills by merchants aud others,
cauaing precarious speculations, losses, and com-
plaints, and giving rise to suspicions or charges that
persons in the confidence of the Government have
. undue advantages ovér those who are not.
4th, The amount of specie kept out of the country
. and out of circulation, is precisely equal in value to
the Exchequers in use. Withdraw these bills, and
gold and stiver will take their place. This ia aa cer-
tain as the operation of any law of nature.
ín debating societies we have sometimes setfn a
member apeak upon one side of a question and vote
upon the other, and have usually found that if the
vote did not have more weight than the speech it at
least had the credit of exhibiting more truly the sen-
timents of the member. As yet we have never seen
tba effect of this course i política but shall shortly
have an opportunity. - The Telegraph bears the name
of Hon. K. L. Anderson for the Vice Presidency,
but intimates that the feelings and the vole of its editor
are for Judge Jack. It saya
and Mr. Aoderaon in the East. Both pol~X B,,(*
fairueaa forbid aucb an attempt; and, as r1* ^ave *>e-
lore said, the over-aeaíoua and ivdi^,eet friends of
Gen. Burleson, who seem deterred to organize and
perpetuate parti*, and to p^cribe every man who
will not d -n Sam piston,"—are doing General
Burleson more i «iry th'au all the open opposition
against him. ' ' . .
It aifords us
cr
"To change our colors now would be to give our
paper a decidedcomplexion, and subject us to
the charge of per tonal hostility to the present Execu
tive.* -
That,would be too bad—for tho Telegraph to ap-
pear as a "party" papei; and to show personal hos-
tility to Gen. Houston! «It has always .been neutral
in politics, riding the'fence with as much tenacity as
the old man of the mountain did Sinbad, and remark-
able lor its fondness for Gejj. Houston! Haa n't it?
The Telegraph is very cunning truly. It puts up
the name of Anderson to make the friends of the ad-
ministration believe'that it is not for a party ticket,
but, iest the opposition should take it at its word, says,
Judge Jack has, or what is the same thing, "would
have had our preference; but to change our colors
would give our paper a decided party complexion
This is as good as a play. We have seen little chil-
dren appear in the character of great warriors, and
the assumption of many strange disguises, both on and
off the, stage; but this "first appearance" of our Hous-
ton cotemporaty in a neutral character beats them all.
Why he sits upon the fence as awkwardly as a duck
upon a clothes line.
The Houston Star says that it. knows of "no pa ty
in this country based upon measures;" and that there
"is no organization of partios upon principles or mea-
sures. "
Sam Houston goes out of office at the beginning
ofthe next session of Congress; yet, in some parts
of the Republic, candidates are run for Congress,
upon the sole ground of opposition to. him. This
is very well. Those who went tt> Congress last
year big with the determination to prostrate and des-
troy him wore foiled by his presence and prudence.—
When he is gm e such obstacles- not will stand in
the way, and these gallant gentlemen will have noth-
. ing to inteirupt the éxercise of their prowess. There
ii an old "Baying about kicking the dead lion.
The Matagorda Despatch rejects with proper pride
and spirit) the humiliating and unfounded notion, at
tempted to be promulgated by a few letter writers
•nd a single press in this country, that Texas does uot
possess the necessary elements for an independent
government.
■ " f
We make no profession of political sagacity,- anc
seldom undertake to advise even, our most intimate
friends in matter* touching elections. If, however,
we did confide much in our own judgement touching
audi matters, and ventured to give advice, and if we
were ranked among the supporters of General Bur-
leson, we would say to some of his friends that they
are not serving the old soldier well to pack bis well
earned and just popularity with the burden both of
aupporting a candidate for the Vice Presidency not
well known or popular it; the East, and of opposing
another candidate tortlie same office, more populár at
present, perhaps, than any other man in the Eastern
counties. A writer in the Houston Star endeavor
to off set tho popularity ol Gen. Burleson to that of
Mr. Anderson, for the- benefit of Judge Jack, and
aays—
"We know Old Ned very welt—he haa been known to the
peopls malty vest*. I am incline.) in think (hut I fought under
jiim. before 'l.i xa* wiu lu'iird ufby-Mr. Andurson."
Now we do not believe that it ever was the inten-
(I. Spaniards,
III. Negroes^
IV. Mixed Casts,
Arri^l of arte of the Mier Prisoners
,(,0.1081 sincere pleasure to announce the arrival of
irm Moore, one of the Mier prisoners. Mr. Moore
is one of. the 16, who effected their escape from the
castle of Peroteon the night of the 26th. March, He
travelled upwards of 500 miles on foot, ai>d met will)
considerable difficulty in obtaining a passage to
N. O. ,B. M. Norman Esq. authbr of Travels in
Yucatan, treated him with much kinduess and liber-
ality. The names of those who escaped, are W.
Moore, Wiley Jones, got home) W. Fretisley, John
Taney, William Wynne, ———Runyon, S. Good-
man, John Toops John McGinley. (retaken) A. B
Loforge (gone to N. Y.) E. D. Wright, Edwaid
Kean, Richard Kean, Thomas Smith, John Johnson,
C. K.'Gleason, (not artived). Mr. Moore informs
us that the treatment ofthe prisoner^ continues to
be about the same as heretofore. They are now
nsrally more healthy tban they have hitherto b„een.
e are happy to inform the friends of Col, Ryan,
P. W. Douglas, Cap. Lyons, and B. Z, Boon, Jos.
F. Smith, and Mr. Beualy, that they were in good
health when Mr. Mooie last heard from them, only a
few weeks ago.—Br ano Planter.
■ From Malte Brun.
INHABITANTS OF MEXICO.
In Mexico the human species present four great
divisions, which comprehend eight eases, namely.
1. Aboriginal Indiars,
(a) born in Europe,
■(h) creóles born, in America,
(a) Africans, slaves,
(Ii) descendants of negroes,
(a) metis the offspring of
whites and Indians.
(b) Myluttoes, '.he issue of
whites and negroes.
(i) Zambos, íiising from a
mixture oí Iudions and
negroes.
Some Maylays and Chinese, who have come from
the Phillipine islands to establish themselves in Mex-
ico, canuoi be included in this enumeration. The
number of copper colored Indians of the pure race,
principally coticentrátcd in the southern pail, of the
table land of Anahuac, exceeds two millions and a
half; thus forming about two fifths of the entire poor
illation, . They are infinitely more rare, however, in
the nprth of New Spain, aud the provinces denomin-
ated internas.
Far from becoming extinct, the indigenous pollu-
tion goes on increasing, especially during the last
bundled years', and, accordingly, it would appear
that, in total amount, these countries are more pop-
ulous at present than they were previous to the arri-
val of Europeans. The kingdom of Montezuma did
not equal in extent the eighth part of New Spain us it
now exists. The great towns of the Aztecs, and their
most cultivated lands, were met with in the environs
ofthe cápi'.ol of Mexico, and particularly in the deli-
cious valley of Tenochlitlan, The kings ofVAlooihua
can, of Tlacopan, anil of M-ehuacan, were indep'eu-
deut princes. Beyond the parallel of 20 s wore :he
Chichirnegs and Oiomites, two wandering, aiid barba-
rous nations, whose hordes, though far from numer-
ous, pushed their incursions as'far as Tula, a<tpwh
situated near the northern border ofthe valley of Te-
nochlitlan. I would be justas difficult how^v«r i,,
just as difficult however to
estimate, with any degree of accuracy, the Dumber of
Montezuma's subjecis, aS.it would be to decide res-
pecting the ancient population of Egypt, Persia, Car-
thage, or Greece, or even-with regard to any modern
stales. History presenis us., on the ohe -hand, with
a train of conquerors ambitious to throw additional
•ustre on ihfeir owri exploits; rin the otherj religious
and sensible men, directing with noble ardor the
arms of eloquence against: the cruelty ofthe first co'l.
onists. •: Both parties were equally interested in ex-
aggerating the flourishing coiiditioii ofthe! newly dis-
covered countries. At all events llie extensive ruin.4
of towns and villages that are met with in. the 18 3
and 20 0 of latitade in the inteiior of Mexico, seem
to prove *hut the population of this tingle part of the
kingdom was once tar aupetio_r«to* what it is nr>w.—
Y«t it must be remarked that these ruins are dis-
persed over a space that, relatively speaking, is but
very limited.
Toa great degree of muscular strength, the Tol-
ored natives add the advantage of .being seldom or
never subject to ány deformity. M. Humboldt ase-
sares us thai he never saw a hunchback 'Indian, and
that they very seldom squint, or are' met with either
lame, or wanting the use of their arms. In those
countries where the inhabitants suffer frprn the grtitre-
ihis affection of the thryold gland is * never observed
among the Indian's, áticjYarely among the Metis. The
Indians of New Spain, and especially, ¿e. Women,
generally live to an advanced age.. Their hair it is
said never turns grey, arid they presetve all. their
strength till the period of their death. In respect to
the moral faculties of the ¡ndigenióus<Mex¡cans, it is
difficult to form a just estimate of ihem, if we consul-
ar this unhappy nation almost in the only light in
which there has been an opportunity of viewing it by
intelligent travellers, as sinking under long oppres-
sion, and Repressed almost to the lowest point of deg-
radation. At the commencement of the conquest,
the wealthiest Indians, those in short, among whom'a
certain degiee4 of intellectual cultivation may be sup-
posed to have existed, almost entirely perished, the
victims of European ferocity. ChVistiart fanaticism
chiefly raged against the Aztec priest. The minis-
ters of religion were exterminated, all those, in fact,
who inhabited the Houses otGod, orid who might be
considered as depositories ofthe historical, mytholo-
gical, and even astronomical knowledge ofthe coun-
try; for it was the piiests who observed the meridian
shade on the dials, and regulated the intercalations.
The Spanish monks burned the hieroglyphical pain-
tings, by which knowledge of every, kind had been
transmitted from generation to generation. Depriv-
ed of these means of instruction, the people sunk
back into a degree of igrorance which became ilia
more profund, because the missionaries, little versed
in the Mexican languages, substituted a few new ¡de-
fortune, preferred an alliance with tíieir ¿Bliqueíors
to sharing tbe general contempt which was enter-
tained for (heir nation. Of the natives, therefore, on-
ly tbe most indigent class remained, the p!>or culti-
vators, the artisans, among whom were to be reckon-
ed a great number of weavers; the porters, who from
a want of larger quadrupeds, were made use of as
beasts of burtben, and above all. that refuse of thff
people, the crowd ot mendicants who proving at* the
same lime the imperfection of social institutions, and
the yoke of feudalism already in the time of Cortez.
filled tbe streets of all the great towns ofthe Mexi-
can empire. How, thereforefore from such misera-
bléremains of a once powetful people, cin we pos-
sibly judge either of ihe degree of cultivation to
which they had been raised, from tbe iwelih to the
sixteenth century, or of the intellectual developemeul
of which tbey are susceptible? Still,-however, none
can doubt that a part of the Mexican nation had" at-
tained a certain degree of improvement when we re*
fleet on the care wilh which tné hieroglyphical books
were composed, aud call to mind that a citizen of
Tlascaia, suirounded by the perils and din of war,
profiled by tbe facility which our Roman alphabet af-
forded him wrote in his nalive language five exten-
sive volumes upon ihe history of a countiy, of which
he deplored the subjugation. The Mexicans posses-
sed an almost.córrect knowledge ofthe true length
of the year, which they intercalated at the end of
their great cycle of a hundred and four years, with
more exactness than ihe Greeks, tbe Romans, or the
Egyptians.
The Toltees appeared in in New Spain in the sev-
enteenth century, and the Aztecs in the t welfth. Long
before this they drew out a georaphical map of the
country which they bad traversed; they built towns,
and formed roads, dykes, canals, and immense pyra-
mids, the faces which were accurately directed to the
four cardinal points, and ihe base extended the length
of 1774 yards, Their feudal system, and their civil
and military hierarchy, were, even at that period,of so
complicated a nature, that we must naturally suppose
the previous existence of a long series of political e-
vetiu, in order that their singular concatenation of
public authoiities, of nobility and clergy, could have
been established, and that a small portion of the peo-
ple, itself a slave of the Moxican Sultan, could subju-
gate the great mass ofthe nation. Small tribes wea-
ry of tyranny, gave themselves republican constitu-
tions, which can never bo formed, except in conse-
quence of lotig continued popular storms, and the very
establishment of whiab indicates Ho recent, civiliza-
tion. Bui from whence did this come, or where did
il take its rise? Accustomed servilely to admit only
exclusive systems, and knowing only how to learn
without meditating, we forgot that civilization is
nothing but the employment and development of
our moral and intellectual faculties. The inimita-
ble Gteeks alliibuted iheii own superior civilization
to Minerva; in other words, to their own proper ge-
nius, yel we obstinately persist in giving them ihe
Egyptians as musters. These, on the-other hand, re-
vered Osiiis as their first great founder; while wo af-
fect to look for the source of their civiliation in India
But, in that case, who instructed the Indians? Was
it Brema, Confucius, Zoroaster, Manco-Capan, Ida-
canzas, órBuchica? Every thing must have a begin-
ning; aud if civilization could rise into existence in
the Old Continent, why might it not also have done
the same in ihe New? The total want of wheat,
oats, barley, rye, of those nourishing grasses which are
designated by the general name of cereulia, or com,
appear to prove that if Asiatic tribes really havo
passed into America, they must be deceuded
from some wandering or pastoral people. In ihe Old
Continent we find the cultivation, of the cerealia, and
the use of milk, introduced from the most remote peri-
od of which history preserves any record. The in-
habitants of ihe New Continent cultivated no other
grain than maize, (zea;) they consumed no prepara-
tion aof milk, although two species ofthe ox, natives
of the north, might have afforded them abundance of
milk. These are striking contrasts, and taken in
conjunction with the results of a comparison of iheir
various languages, must prove that the Mongol race
could never have contributed any thing but .wander-
ing' tribes to the population of America.
In his present condition, the Mexican Indian is
grave, melancholy, and taciturn, as loni as he is hot
under the influence of intoxicating liquors. This
gravity is particularly remarkable in the Children of
Indians, who, at the early age of four or five years,
display infinitely greater inieliigertce and develop-
ment of mind than the children of whites. They
delight in throwing an air of mystery over their most
i rifling remarks. Not-a passion manifests itself in
their features,' At all times sivmbte,-'there is some-
thing terrific in the cbangs, when he passes all atonce
from a stato of absolute repose .to violent and uti-
go,ve-iliable agitation. The energy of hjs character',
to whic.h every ljade of softness is unknown, habit-
uallydegenerates into'fciociiy. This is especially
the jcase -wilh the inhabitants of Tlascaia.- In ihe
midst oftheir*, degradation, the descepdants of these
republicans anc still distinguished by a ceitain Jiaügh-
tinesa wilh which they are inspired by the remem-
brance of their former greatness. The indigenous na-
tiv'fift of Mexieo, 'like all other nations who have long
groaned under civil and religious oppression, are at
lathed, with an extreme degree of obstinacy, to their
manners, and llieir opinions. The introduction of
Christianity among them has scarcely produced any
other effect than merely substituting new ceremonies,'
the symbols of a mild and humane religion,—for the
•ceremonies of a sanguinary worship* From the
earliest peiiods semibarbarous nations have received
new laws, and new divinities, from tho hands of their
conquerors. The indigenous and vanquished gods
give place to foreign deilies. Indeed, in a mythology
bo complicated as that of the Mexicans, it was easy
to discover an affinity between the divinities, of Atalan
and those of the east. Tho Holy Spirit, fur instance,
was identified withlhe sacred eagle of the Aztecs.'
The missionaries not only tolerated they even favour-
ed this mixture of ideas, by which the Christian wor-
ship became more speedily established."
m Ad bell of one grew |a|nily; wrare I
sama road and shall arrive at tásame
eat l^ily; wr-arru|*^
breath the Bame air; árfl Bubjecttofibe samer bounty,^
aud we «bal/ lie down upon the boson ttf our com-
mon mother. It is not, becoming that brother should
hate brother; it is not proper that friend should de-
ceive friend; it is not right that neighbor should injure
neighbor. We pity the man who can-harbor enrtrtty
against hiB fellow, he loses half the enjoyments of
life—he embitteis his* own existence. Let us l^ar
from our eyes the colpred medium that invests every
object with the gre¿n hue of jealously and suspicion:
tuiua deaf ear to the tale of scandal, breathe the
spirit of charity from our hearts; let the rich gushings
of .Suman kindness swell u.p as a fountain, so that the
■golden age* will become no fiction aud the island
of the blessed, bloom in more than "Huspeiiac
beauty."
This is an agreeable world after all. If we would
only bring ourselves to look at the objects that sur-
rounded us in their true light, we should see beauty
where we before beheld deformity, and listen to har-
mony, where before we could hear nothing but dis-
cord. To be sure there is a great deal of anxiety
and vexation} to meet: we cannot expect to sail upon
a summer coast forever; yet if we preset vé a calm
eye and steady hand, we can so trim our sail and
manage our helm as to avoid the quick sarids and
weather the storms that threaten shipwreck. We are
Lightning—anew Theory.—A writer in the Alba-
ny daily Advertiser has undertaken to disppiove the
orevaleui idea that lightningdescendi from tbe clouds
to the earth, and to maintain that, on the contiary, it
ascends from the air, the earth, beilig the greatest
reservoir, in which the eieclric fluid is generated, or
at least contained. In c.insequeHce of this idea he
abseris thai if is nonsouBe lo say that a tree or a hoyse
has been stiuck by lightning, all the mischief
in facl being done by the violent passage of
the fluid upwaids thiough the tiee or house. Of
course it follows, if this doctiinebo true. t,h«i lightning
rods as they are now. placed are.of jiltle Use.,We quote
a part of this article, including an anecdoteol Franklin
of whieh we hive never before heard.
"To come to proofs which are before us every daj;
I would first assert, that the electric fluid fa genera- '
ted in the earth,, which when autchaiged, throws it
off into the atmosphere by the best conductor that it
can Snd. "A house sti uck by lightning." Well hou-
ses have been partly unroofed, by lightuing.but did ev.
er any one know of the slates or shingles being struck
downward? Never. We hear of the lightning des-
cending by the chimney aud passing abng by bell
wires, &c. Whose eye was quick enbugh to follow
it in this course? It is perfect nonsense. The fluid
ascended by the wires aud look lo the chimney or
roof for its next conductor. " •
"A tree stiuck by- lightning." This is also non-
sense. There was a Withered tree struck by light-
ning; a sapling is a good conductor, so is a tree wbeu
in the bloom of spring. But who ever heard of ihe
leaves and small branches at the lop of a tree being
struck and the trunk remaining unscathed? Nd one.
Some say so, but either aie mistaken or willingly
misrep'reient the uuth. The electric fluid in ihe earlh
follows the roots ofthe tree lo its lrunk; aud it some-
times happens that the trunk, is torn before ihe fluid
is thrown off in any direction by ."the branches, for
the fluid ascends by llie heart of the tree, not by its
baik. Dr. Franklin's,name is great among the na-
tions. He drew lightning) from the clouds! No
such thing—he only afforded a facility for tbe light-
ning lo ascend to the .clouds. A curious facl is re-
corded in regard lo him while uying those experi-
ments. He raked his kite, and for his own personal
safety stood on an insulated stool, which was also hid
receiving jar, but uot a single spark could the Doctor
got. • '
He concluded that there was no electricity in tbe
cloud which he had in view, and was stepping off the
stool; the moment that his foot touched the giound
he became a connecting rod—got upset, bottles and
all and the kite flew away to where it listed. He told
lili¿ to several, but never pretended to account for il.
1 am inclined to think, however, that from this acci-
dent iho Doctor found out that he had been working
from the wongend of his composing stick, although
he never said so as I know of. In regard to light-
ning rods, there is a great misundersianding. The
rod is forked at the top and attached to a building,
ihe lower end being barely below the surface of the
earth. Now, nothiitg can fall father short of thp in-
tention than a thing so constructed. The lower end
should be carried all around and under the buil-
ding in a zigzag way, (under the surface of course.)
But it is ilol necessary to make it so thick all the way,
A piece of common iron wiie (No. 1) ¡s as good a#
steel or any thing else, and hdeed bolter.
Heathen Bell Founding — The Indian papers con-
tain a curious accou .ii o! the casting of an enormous
bell at-Itangoon, as an offering from the King to the .
great 4émple ó.f. Slioéy Dagon, in that city. It is
slated t.hat SÓQO meh Were employed at the 500 f\>r-
ges or wind pi ,6s put in requisition on. this occisión,
,t.!rgUs 16 persons to a pump and forge. DressetHii
their gayest a,ttir.e, ull t|io principal officers of town,*
■and'ehief men of the surrounding villages, having
tirade>lh«iV supplication, commenced operation al 4
forces constructed for appropriate use, and then fol-'
lowed the active movements of 500 plebian forges^
A hundred-and Seventy visseS of-silver, tieariv 6Í7*
lbs and ISO of goVd, nearly 548 lbs., were, added by
the people to the tn'etajs which had been provided by
the King, besides a vást number of gold and sil ver
ornaments, of which no account was taken. In 4
day and 5 nights the the work was completed." The
dimensions ofthe bell are said to, be 7 cubila in «Jiam.-
eter, 24 in circumference,. 11 in height, and I foot and"
2 inches thick. The weight of the metal,'of which, an
account was t&ken, was 500 tons. It was ordered
th&t the bell should rest in its mould for 40 days. duV
ring which period neither ihe sound of cannon, mys-
ket, in in even that of a rice mortar should be heard
in Rangoon, lest the consussion of* the atmosphere'
should crack the mighty masa.—Eng.paper.
. German Newspapers.—It is said there are no lew
than sixty papers published in the. United Stares in
tho German language. ' ■.
Petersburg, Russia,—None of our modern diios can boast or
líeme lo entirely composed of gigantic edifices and palaces a
grandeur'8' " "l""les of Povarty have an oír of
There are many houses in Petdrshnr? Which have soverat
thousand innialpi,: ¡or instance, in the Winti r Palace are 60(10;
in (haMilitary MospitaUQOfr; in the Foundling Hospitals 7000
(children;) in (lie great Corps of Cadets several thousandyouths.,
1 here are houses which yield llie owners n I
many a county.
per annum.
I
w
^ •
yield llie owners n I irger revenue than'
'• Some produce 50,000 ruUI.K others 100 000
ihe great Corp« of (,'adetson Wussili Ostrow is a
quarter ol an Log ish mile (440 yarrij) sqoara. This building
has two floors, with two ranges of ro'-ms abo o and beluw, be-
sides sereru wtpgs. • Among the private houses thcron
nLj"?iün'V vv',,.ch for 'he number and extent ofthe courtyards
and the magnitude of tlis d'tferent wings, are little inferior loj
i Palace in yionnn. Among m®ny hundred other*.I
I was acquainted with one for example, the re-decaussee ofj
winch formed on ono side a bazaar, where tho thousand wa/itsl
ofihis larthlv life might he supplied, whije on the other arow
of German, Lngluh, and French artists and artisans had huns,
out their show-bosrds. In thotit etagt resided two senator^
and the families oí several private individuals. In the second
stirry fhera was a school, which had a high reputation through
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
The Civilian and Galveston Gazette. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 6, Ed. 1 Saturday, June 29, 1844, newspaper, June 29, 1844; Galveston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth177309/m1/2/: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.