Black Leaders: Texans for Their Times Page: 81
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Texans for Their Times 81
P. M., Jan. 23, 1970, interview; Stafford Wornley to A. P. M., Jan. 29, 1970, inter-
view.
103. Alice White Wornley to A. P. M., Jan. 29, 1970, interview.
104. Ibid.
105. Interviews, Robert Gaines, Leandra Gaines, Stafford Wornley, Alice White
Wornley, Ida Wade, dates previously cited.
106. Ibid.
107. Lois Smith to A P. M., May 1, 1974, interview. The photograph is in the
possession of Lois Smith. The cuff links and tie pin are in the possession of another of
Gaines's granddaughters, Willie K. McDowell.
108. For brief biographies of leading black officeholders, see Vernon Lane
Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi, 1865-1890 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947; Harper
Torchback Edition, 1965), 157-180. George Brown Tindall, South Carolina Negroes,
1877-1900 (Baton Rouge, 1952, reprint, 1966) 54-67; Williamson, After Slavery; Joe
Martin Richardson, The Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 1865-1870, Florida
State University Studies No. 46 (Tallahassee, 1965); Okon Edet Uya, From Slavery to
Publtc Service: Robert Smalls, 1839-1915 (Oxford, 1971); James Haskins, Pinckney
Benton Stewart Pinchback (New York, 1973); Kolchin, First Freedom; Maud Cuney
Hare, Norris Wright Cuney: A Tnbune of the Black People (1913; facsimile ed.,
Austin, 1968); Brewer, Negro Legislators. Most of the black officeholders who achiev-
ed prominence during Reconstruction came from more privileged backgrounds than
Gaines (some were former slaves but had been favored by their masters and often
received at least some formal education), held more temperate views, and were less
independent in their party affiliation.
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Barr, Alwyn & Calvert, Robert A. Black Leaders: Texans for Their Times, book, 2007; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth296839/m1/92/?q=1966+yearbook+north+texas+state+university: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association.