San Antonio Express. (San Antonio, Tex.), Vol. 50, No. 157, Ed. 1 Sunday, June 6, 1915 Page: 4 of 71
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SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS: SUNDAY MORNING, JUNE 6, 1915.
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Practically the whole of Mexico is in an unsettled and starved condition. There are five revolutions in progress and all of the leaders are fighting under what they term the "patriotic" banner. For almost five years, since the abdication of Porfirio Diaz,
one revolution has followed another and leaders have sprung up from all sides. Disclosures made by American agents and the stories told by Mexicans who have no political ambitions seem to agree that some strong hand is essential to shape the destinies of the
republic if the entire country is not to be laid waste by the factions now quarreling among themselves for control. The Carranza and Villa forces are scattered over a wide area; Zapata also holds much territory, and the other two leaders have only a state
under their thumbs. The states and men controlling them are: Sonora, north, west and south, by Villa; Chihuahua, Villa; Coahuila,. Villa, Carranza and Gutierrez; Nuevo Leon, Carranza; Tamaulipas, Carranza; San Luis Potosi, Carranza; Zacatecas, Villa; Du-
rango, Ametas; Aguas Calientes, Villa; Jalisco, Carranza; Queretaro and Hidalgo, Carranza; Chipas, Tabasco, Yucatan, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Carranza; Guerrero, Morelos, Michoacan and part of Mexico, Zapata; Colima, Jalisco and Territory of Tepic, Carranza;
Lower California, Cantu.
RdUmMic ona VWgg off Siiairvaitnoini
Mow Turn to Unnntail Sftate
ffoir Smccof—Cairn E® No
Official H@r@.
THERE can be no friendly intervention in Mexico.
That was the pointblank statement made by a Mexican official yester-
day afternoon.
Should an American soldier set foot on Mexican soil it will mean battle.
It would be a repetition of the same hostile reception that greeted the landing
of marines in Vera Cruz.
This same official said that if American troops should cross the border
at any point it would bring about the complete unity of the people of Mexico
to make war on a common enemy.
Why should the United States wish to meddle in the political disagree-
ments of Mexico? he asked, and in the same breath he asserted that the re-
ports of starvation throughout the republic were exaggerated, and he could
not conceive how the Red Cross had'gotten Its reports of widespread distress
<n the republic.
Yet, Mexico continues to starve.
But he did say that If thp Americans
wished to send relief to t-be poor of the
Republic he did not believe there would
bt attempts on part of the warring ele-
nenti to confiscate the foort for their so-
called armies. He, did cite the Instances
where one of the leaders had conaflscated
ford that was Intended to appease the hun-
ger of the rich and poor In the City of
Mexico.
Asked who would likely be the new lend
er in Mexico, he expressed the belief that
If a constitutional government Is to be
Mtitlished, iooking for recognition fro®
the United States, the provisional presi-
dency would fall to either one of the two
Brvirins members of the Midero cabinet—
: niel Vasquex Ta^le. ;he former minis-
ter of Justice, nnd Manuel Bomlla, the
fotnter minister of promotion. Should thj
tuntle of the provisional presidency fall
Co either of tiK'se. the man would hold
•fflce bnt i short time resigning In favor
»f the choice of the strongest revolution-
ary party. Then if recognition finally
rame from the American government there
would no longer be the opportunity for
and plotting of counter revo
the conspiracies would not
the soil Dom or the Rio
an the «tm ut m« «f
(he officials high in the council of Villa
::nd whose opinions were given >nly on the
promise that he be not nuoted.
WILI. rilE TIDE TV UN.
He is one of the Mexicans who does not
believe there will be intervention of an)
sort and he is optimistic enough to be-
lieve that the battle now being fought be-
tween the Villa and Carranza forces will
turn the tide in Mexico and that a pro-
visional president soon would be a reality.
It was only on the reports of the famine
that he agreed with the views of the op
position. Where distress exists, he said,
was in the City of Mexico, Monterev and
Vera Cms.
Beyond these points he said the repub-
lic was alright, and he had not bea-d ot
the riots in Saltillo where hundreds had
battled for some little scraps of what
might have been sustenance for hard!?
more than a day.
What the American government thinks
of the conditions in Mexico has been
made plain in the statements that hav.
recently emenated from Washington. It
was a Ran Antonlan, Duval Weat. who
brought the final reports that convinced
President Wllaoa that the days of watchful
waiting should be succeeded with strenu-
ous action if necessary.
The Bed Crow la the naatlwi ha* *one
nbend with its plan to feed as many of
the starving Mexicans as possible.
The agents of this organization hav»
been Instructed to Invade the republic,
feiret out the famine districts and alle
vlate the suffering of humanity as far as
Is possible. In this particular connec-
tion the army has lis orders to co-oper-
ate with the Red t'ross—to what extent Is
yet unknown. Just what Jias been decided
upon in Washington Is not yet ripe for
publication but the belief prevails in some
quarters of the army that the United
States (iovernroent has reached that stag.*
where patience ceases to be a virtue, ana
especially as far as It pertains to the
strife that is be!ng waged south of the
border.
Whether pressure has been brought to
bear from any of the European countries
now looking to the United States to pro-
tect their Interests in Mexico, has also fur
nlshed food for discussion, and it Is only
r.ow and then that the name of the British
minister appears In connection with the
rcme of some American official still In
the republic.
IS CITY OP POVERTY.
The army, rather that part of it con-
trolling the Mexican border, long has
known what lies beyond. The War De
partimnt has gotten voluminous reports
of the conditions In Mexico, and this in-
foimatton' came first banded, so to speak,
from those persons forced to flee to this
country for a haven after being stripped
of all wealth and possessions and threat-
ened with death.
The stories that have come out of the
Mexican capital where Zapata Is in con
trol furnish In themselves a chapter suf-
ficiently gruesome. What tuauy wer.1
pleased to call tbe Paris of the American
continent has become a city of poverty.
Rl' h and poor alike have been storming
the hotels, if not for a morsel of food for
a place of shelter. The suffering has been
acute for weeks.
Yet. It was not nntll the other day whet:
pressure was brought to bear on ftr
raria that he agreed to permit some food
to be sent into the city. His reason for
putting an embargo on foodstuffs was
that It might fall into the hands of Zapata
»nd his men and that the really deserv-
ing poor would not profit. So he cut all
lines of communication and the City of
Mexico was pretty much like an Island In
the ocean cut off from everywhere.
Condition* In the rapltnl were pictured
for President Wilson by Duval West who
made his way that far Inland from Ver.1.
Crni and his report was founded on what
he saw. and what was told him by the
members of the foreign colonies as well
as the natives themselves.
RIOTS IN SALTILLO.
Monterey, called the Chicago of Mexico,
and which bat nil communication with
the Texas border, broke its famine a few
days ago, when SeeMlhl carloads of food
uted under the direction •(
Consul General Philip C. Hanna, but it
was a pitiably small amount for the needs
of the starving. The reports of Consul
General Hanna were in many respects
shocking, and 'especially In view of the
fact that Nuevo Leon Is not an agricultural
State. Even In normal times Nuevo Leon
must Import the bulk of its foodstuffs,
its corn coming from Coahulla, beans from
Durango and rice from Michoacan. With
railroads cut south of the city and noth-
ing coming from the north, many of the
poor were reduced to that dire extremity
of seeking food as does a carrion bird.
Many of them fell exhausted in J died lit
the fittest of a handful of beans, a stray
goat or chicken or anything that might
at least suffice temporarily to fill the
void.
It was only yesterday that the reports
reached here of the food riots in Sal-
tillo. Not alone was there evidence of
these In several letters, but accompanying
photographs pictured the scenes where
many women and children were trampled
down by the strongeV In the mad rush
for something that would appease hunger.
Thus it is in the cities. In the rural
sections conditions are hardly better. Crops
have been ruthlessly destroyed by the
sweeping forces of revolutionists who gath-
ered their commissary supplies along the
way. Their loot Included everything. They
took horses, cattle, goats and chickens—
anything that might suffice to feed the
"patriotic soldiers.
On top of that, all of those ranchmen
who have been in position to do so. and If
the facilities were at hand, have shipped
their stock out of the country rather than
have It fall into the hands of the revolu-
tionists, who commandeered everything
worth while and gave as compensation an
"order" that would be redeemed at Its face
value at the end of what is best described
as an Interminable period. A lot of these
orders given in the early days, of the
earliest revolutions, are yet unpaid, and
there Is grave doubt If any of them will
ever be taken up.
In the meantime Mexico will starve un-
less aid cofnes from this country.
Aside from the flat money there Is no
circulation In the republic. Gold appar-
ently has disappeared, several times the
leaders have made threats of wnat they
would do unless silver was circulated, and
the latest reports from many points show
that the Villa money has dropped Jo 3 cents
on the dollar, and the Corranxa Issue Is
worth 7 cents on the dollar.
Whether any government coming into
power will decide upon another Issue of
money only time will tell.
What Hnerta did during his time in
office has been abrogated by the succeed,-
ing Presidents. Those concessions he grant-
ed are said to be worthless now. not being
considered legal by the Constitutionalists.
It Is doubtful if any of tbe acts of tbe
present leaders will be recognised later on.
It Is also going to requite months of
time to rebuild tbe railroads that have
been destroyed. The balk of building ma-
terial and the rolling stock will have to
he imported from this country if the
means cun be brought about ro finance
the necessarily great expenditures. The
farms, plantations and ranches, must lie
restocked, and that can only be brought
about In times of peace.
MANY STARVE, FEW BATTLE.
Yet despite all of these conditions six
teen millions face poverty and famine while
possibly 100,000 are under arms to gratify
their own ambitions and for what Is
termed patriotic motives.
Washington apparently is making Its last
effort before some drastic action i9 taken
to Impress upon these various leaders that
If the Mexican leaders cannot, find a peace-
ful solution at an early day tt will be
found for them. If It does come to in-
tervention it will mean not only that
the regular army goes to Mexico, but the
militia of this country us well. Interven-
tion to be successful could not be accom-
plished with less than 200,000 men, at
least that Is the opinion of army officers
who have made a thorough study of these
matters.
Yet. in {fftltf of the conditions he knew
existed in Mexico, that thousands in the
republic were on the verge of famine. It
was only the other day that Carranza
sent to this country a delegation of fifty-
five teachers whom he Intends shall stay
here long enough to learn how school
should be taught in Mexico.
Carranxa's commission of teachers,
which is to study the system of Instruc-
tion In American schools and colleges, has
settled down to Its task which will keep
Its members in this country from one to
three years. Alfonso Cravioto, president
of the commission, gave out an interview-
In New York several days ago telling of
Carransa's aims in the education of Mexi-
can children. Among other things he
said:
"Another commission will come in three
months, and others will follow that. It
Is the purpose of tJeneral Carransa to
keep a changing body of representatives
... ... ■ •" >llegi
that " eventually every teacher in Mexico
shall have lived for some time here, to
become familiar with the spirit which has
developed the American Republic, and
which is carrving it forward. That Is
because a broader, freer life for the people
of Mexico Is tbe aim of the revolution.
"General Carransa has great hopes for
the children of Mexico, under tbe plans
which he Is putting in operation to carry
education to all classes ot the people. He
feels that such general education must
be the basis of tbe development of a free
and well-governed republic, and that tbe
secret of much that is good in the life
of the United States must be found In the
influence of the public schools. So we
are most interested in studying that in-
fluence. rather than simply the methods
of vour Institutions. The members of the
commission are already expert students of
teaching methods, what they to
discover is how your achoyls have fostered
of the Mexican schools and colleges In the
United States all the time. He desires
the spirit of thought and progress and
liberty.
"What a boy thinks—not what he sim-
ply learns—that is what Is really the im-
portant result of Ills education. Geueral
Carranza knows that the future of Mexico
rests with her young people. He wants
to teach them to think. He knows that
their value to their country will depend
not merely on how much they have mem-
orized. but on how much use they are
able to make of what they have memorized.
That Is what we want to find out from
the United States—how yon are training
your children to apply the knowledge that
you offer them, aud, more, lisw you are
bringing them to realize themselves as
cltlzens'representing the Ideals of a great,
free nation.
POSSIBILITIES OF MEXICO.
"Our children must bo brought to un-
derstand the splendid possibilities of Mex-
ico, and to think of theraselvea as citizens
living to express the best aspirations of
their country. That is the meaning of the
revolution, a struggle on behalf of the
people—which perhaps has not been fiUly
understood In your country—to establish
culture and liberty by bettering the con-
ditions of their life. The revolutionary
government occupied itself first of all
with the distribution of lands among all
the people. The movement to better their
education is the second step In the plan
for their welfare. General Carranza, the
first chief of the revolution. Is not only
the friend of all the people, but most of
all, of the school children of Mexico."
The commission is made up of fifty-
five members, eleven men and forty-four
women, leaders ill experience aud knowl-
edge of educational methods In Mexico,
who have come to make an extended
study of the schools, small colleges, uni-
versities and libraries of the United States
and to adapt the best that they find to
the needs of their own country. The en-
tire commission Is to remain in tills conn-
try for a year, and some of the delegates
will stay for longer periods, up to three
years. The headquarters are to be estab-
lished in Bostou. and all of the work will
be conducted from that city, taking the
form of visits of smaller groups to Indi-
vidual educational centers to live and con-
sider special problems, as tbe program
develops.
Visits will be made to the principal
cities, and every field of educational train-
ing will be covered. The work of the
Western, Middle Western and Eastern in-
stitutions will be compared, anil the con-
clusion will have an immediate effect in
Mexico, for monthly reports arc to be
made to the Carranza government so that
suggestions may be Immediately applied
In solving problems there. V delegation
sent here five months ago by General Car-
ranxa has been making arrangements to
save time In the activities of the commis-
sion.
THE PERSONNEL.
denor Cravioto. himself a high official
in the Carransa government sn.i sub-sec-
retary of the Department at Public In-
struction. is to devote attention particu-
larly to the arts.
Other members are as follows:
Secretary and In i harge of studying the
organization and classification of libra-
ries and archives, Professor Agustin
Loera Chavez.
Political economics and feminine works,
Maria de la Luz Alvarez, Paula Vela Gon-
zales, Ernestlna Medina.
Arithmetic, geography and branches, An-
toiiia Lopez, Beatrice Cervantes, Concep-
cion Morfiu, Rafael Jimenez.
Moral and civic education and school
discipline, Eudonla Toress Preclado, Ma-
ria Cisneros, Maria Barrueta, Javier Me-
Jia, B. Rodriguez.
Musical education, M. .T. Morales.
Education of abnormal and backward
children, A. R. Belmont, R. Rodriguez, S.
Salinas, A. Guevara.
Drawing and manual works. S. Rivera,
E. Lopez, M. Centeno, J. Arredondo, C.
Barrios.
Kindergartens, L. Serradell, M. L. Ri-
vera. M. Luna.
Physic* and natural sciences, C. Al-
carez, F. Xlmello, O. Saldana, V. Velasco.
Geography and history. Carman IteTes,
M. Mendoza. A. Taboa.
Reading and writing. M. Maclel, M. Go-
mez. F. Garcia, I. Rodriguez.
Libraries for children, D. Sotomayor,
H. Novelo, E. Revolledo.
Organization of Industrial schools, H.
Gulterrez, E. Guiterrez.
-O
Lutheran College at Seguin Closes.
Special Telegram to The Express.
SEGUIN, Tex., June 5.—The Lutheran
College has Just closed a successful session
with commencement last night after a week
of interesting entertainments. The grad-
uates are: Miss Elsie Sprague. and Messrs.
P. Schroeder. M. Lorfing. A. Weiss. Theo
Krienke. L. Gohmert, I>. Pflueger. H. Ja-
cob. W. Rein hard, E. Koch, J. Harder and
E. Spiekermann.
Medals and prizes were awarded as fol-
lows: A. OromatEky, Tevas history; Miss
K. Fogisch, conduct; Miss L. Sohorlemer,
German: A. Weiss, best average in studies
and athletics; A. Roth, Fischer debating
priie.
! H
ReviTal at Gonzales-
Special Telegram to The Express.
• GONZALES, Tex.. June 5.—The big re-
vival meeting in the First Baptist Church
begins tomorrow morning. A large gosj>el
tent has been stretched just north of the
chnrch building, and here two services
will be held dally for a period of twentv
days. The preaching will be done by Dr.
Caleb A. Ridley of Atlanta. Ga„ while the
song serv|.-es will be In charge of Rev.
Carson Taylor of Fort Worth.
DOXT BELIEVE IT
If any one says you can't be fitttd in
a Palm Beach suit. We are here for that
purpose. LENTZ, Tailor, 313 Wai
aeret Strao*
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San Antonio Express. (San Antonio, Tex.), Vol. 50, No. 157, Ed. 1 Sunday, June 6, 1915, newspaper, June 6, 1915; San Antonio, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth433155/m1/4/: accessed July 2, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Abilene Library Consortium.