The Daily Democrat. (Fort Worth, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 77, Ed. 1 Monday, February 12, 1883 Page: 1 of 4
This newspaper is part of the collection entitled: Texas Digital Newspaper Program and was provided to The Portal to Texas History by the The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
THE DAILY DEMOCRAT.
TOE. I.
FORT WORTH, TEXAS, MONDAY EVENING, EEBRUARY 12,1883.
NO. 77
CITY AND COUNTY DIBECTOBY
ftMBfelal, Ministerial and Polioo Direc-
tory of Tarrant County.
W.
District Judge—A. J. Hood.
Countv Judge—It. K. Beckham.
District Clerk—J. M. Hartstleld.
County Clerk—John P. Swayne.
Sheriff— \V. T. Maddox.
Deputy Sheriff's—K, H. Tucker, a
Weir. W. P. ThouiaS.
County Attorney—\V. 8. Pendleton
County Treasurer—J. B. Boyd.
County Tax Collector—Frank El list on.
County Tax Assessor—VV. D. Hall.
County Surveyor—Q. M. Williams.
Commissioners—B. F. Latimer. t>:
clnct No. 1: L. H. Stephens, precli
No. '2; John Terrell, precinct
B. Maddox, precinct No. 4.
re-
H. Stephens, precinct
No. 3; T
' P
Justices of the Peace—Sam Furtnan,
John F. Zlnn, precinct No. 1; E. E. Ran-
kin, precinct No. 2; S. Cowan, precinct
No. 3; L. W. Jones, precinct No. 4; Jas.
II. Smith, precinct No. 5; J. M. Ben-
brook, precinct No. 0; J. E. Hickman,
precinct No. 7; T. B. lluitt, precinct
No. 8.
Constable—W. B. Hale, precinct No. 1.
, CITY DIKKCTORT.
Mayor—J. P. Smith.
tlecorder—Ilenry Feild.
city Attorney—Robert McCart.
City Treasurer—John S. Lovinr.
City Assessor and Collector—11. E.
Maddox.
Deputy Assessor and Collector—J. W
CityEngineer—E. K. Smoot.
City Marshal—S. M. Farmer.
Deputy City Marshal—S. E. Harrison.
CHty Secretary—C. McDougal.
Chief if Fire Department—Georre
Mulkey.
Engineer of Fire Engine—G. W. Hill.
Aldermen—Jesse Jones, first word;
Max Elser, first ward: Sam Seaton. sec-
ond ward; W. R. Haymaker, second
ward: M. C. Brooks, third ward; J.T.
Mickey .third ward.
City l%ysiclan—H. W. Moore.
City Sexton—Q: i. Eskew.
Policemen—C. It. Scott.«J. P. Witcher,
J. Biggie, W. M. Rae. J. W. Coker, C.
E. W. Milton, C. E. Garretson, J. H.
Maddox.
City Jailor—R. II. Foster.
Chain Gang Boss—C. G. Brock man
XODGE DIBECTOBY.
FIRST NATIONAL BANK,
CORNER OF HOUSTON AND SECOND STREETS,
FORT WORTH. - - -
CAPITAL,
8URPLUS,
TEXAS.
$100,000
30,000
DtBaoTovs—M B Loyd, Geo Jaekson, D C Bennett, Zinc Celt',J S Godwin, S B
Burnett, J D Keed.
THE CITY NATIONAL BANK
FORT WORTH,
TEXAS.
PAID UP CAPITAL
SURPLUS,
$150 000
19,000
25 CENT COLUMN
This column will be appropriated to
"Wants," "For Sale," "To Rent,"
Found." "Lost," "Personal." and such
other advertisements as can be con-
densed into live lines or less, for which
25 cents only will he charged for one in-
sertion and 50 cents for three insertions!
For each additional line above five lines,
live cents.)
THE DUBLIN ASSASSINS.
The Phoenix Park Mystery Solved.
Kavanafh, the Carman, Describes
Murior of Lard Cave idish
and Mr. Burke.
the
FOR SALE.
FOR SALE—Stock of groceries for sule
cheap. Also store house for rent; doing
a first-class cash business. Inquire of
Chtts. Baggett, 20 Weutherford street.
FOR SALE—Old papers at
BO cents per hundred.
this
office,
tf
WANTED.
WANTED—Every one to bring
job work to the Democrat office.
their
WANTED by the Daily Dkmocrat 500
additional city subscribers at '20 cents a
week, or 75 cents a month.
FOlt RENT.
All matters pertaining to conservative banking receive prompt
and careful attention.
Drafts- Sold on < the Principal Cities of Europe.
President, A. M. BRITTON.
Vice-President, JNO. NICHOLS.
Cashier. S. W. LOMAX.
"" I " 1 —
a-. "W- ISEITHO "W S3 3=3
DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF
KK1G1ITS (
Tarrant Lodge No. 1,200 ineck at
their hall on Mslfl Street, second Jand
fourth Wednesday evening of <?*ch
month. J. C. Scott, Dictator.
R. E. Eakin, Financial Reporter.
Fort Worth Lodge No. 151, Knights
and Ladles of Honor meets at their hail
second and fourth Tuesday evening each
jnonth. D. L. Malonk, Protector.
Geo. I. Dood, Secretary.
INDEl'KNDKNT OltDKll 01>1> FEI.J.OWS.
Junction City Lodge No. 150.1. O. O.
I., meets at their hall, south side pub-
lic square, every Thursday night.
F. M. Gkahy, J. J. Mim.uk, N. G.
Secretary.
Fort Worth Lodge No. 251,1. O. O. F..
meets at their hall, south side public
square, every Friday night.
J. K. Ezki.l, F. KAISKR, N. O.
Secretary.
ancient oudku united woukmen.
Hope Lodge No. 23, meets at their
haU, corner Second and Houston, every
second and fourth Thursday night in
each month. —— Aijmitii, M. W.
John Cameron Secretary.
Amity Lodge 'No. 04. Ancient Order
United Workmen, meets some hall every
Monday evening.
R. Matrix, M. W.
W. W. Lisle, Recorder.
catholic knights of america.
Fort Worth branch No. 97 meets at
their hall on Main street, between Sec-
ond and Third, on the first and third
Sundays of the month, at 3 o'clock p. m.
J. Kane, President.
Jno. A. Bkkgik, Recording Sec'y.
tttotiraluical uxion.
Fort Worth Typographical Union,
No. 198, meets at Odd Fellows hall,
Weatherford street, the first Sunday in
•very month. W. O. Stii.lman,
• J. M. Johnson, President.
_ Secretary.
knights of i.abor.
Giant City Assembly meets the second
and fourth Wednesday nights of each
month at Odd Fellows Hail.
J. R. Hardin, Master Workman.
T. J. Nkatiierrt, Secrery.
masonic.
Fort Worth Chapter R. A. M., No. 58,
corner Main and Second streets, meets
on the second Wednesday night in each,
month. W. hTFucld, H. P. *
George Jackson, Secretary.
Fort Worth Lodge A. F. and A. M.,
No. 148, corner Main and Second streets,
meets on the first and third Saturday
nights of the month.
J. Y. HoGsrrr, W. M
W. H. Field, Seoretary.
eights or pythias. *
Sueen City No. Si, meets in Castle
, on the oorner of Main and Second
streets, every Monday night.
Endowment rank K. of P., meets in
their hall, on thecornerof Main and Sec-
ond streets, every third Saturday night
in each month. „
J. F. Cooteb, President.
I. Card, Secretary.
Bed Cross lodge Ne. 14, meeta in Cas-
tle hall, on the corner of Main and' Seo>
PRODUG
-i
ond, every Thursday night. ,
H. M. Fithhax, C. C:
Wm. CArrs. K. of R. & S.
DR. W. W. ROUTH, ,
HOMffiOP ATHIST
Office—No. 18 Main street. i>
Residence—Northwest corner Third an
Calhoun streets.
IfoRTWMfcTH, -^"-2 TMCMI;
jail Mr . ... •
' LOUIS A. TKAPET,
* JLa' ^ 1 '
—DBAUM at—
•*. , tJ
Fruits, Confectioneries
/ < HOARS, CIGARETTES AND TOBACCO,
-ALL GO DS PEOMPTLY DELIYEEED-
il«. 89 Houston street,
Fort Worth, Texas.
BBS
KNEEIAND, LITTLEJOHN & MARTIN,
Insurance and Land Agents,
21 MAIN STREET, FORT WORTH, TEXAS-
FOR RENT—A large comfortable olllce
in front part of building. Apply at this
office. 25-tf
ECLIPSE LUMBER YARD
CORNER OF NINTH AND THROCKMORTON STEEETS,
E. M. PAGE,
PEOPEIETOE,
Has the Largest Stock and Best Assortment of
LUMBER IN THE STATE.
Xt Defies Competition. Call and See Us.
FORT WORTH,
TEXAS.
J. W. ALDERMAN,
O-EiTEIEB-ik.ILd MEOHAUIC,
BLACKSMITHING, FORGING, HORSE SHOEING.
Wagons, Spins Mt, Carriages and B#s Repaired o? Fainted.
CORNER OF HOUSTON AND FOURTEENTH STREETS,
FORT WORTH,
Dashwood & King,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN
Fancy and Toilet Articles, Etc.
BOB TOOMB'S WEALTH.
TEXAS
He Disinherits a Favorite Grand-
Daughter Because She Married
a Poor Young Man.
Special to Cincinnati Commercial Ga-
zette:
Atlanta, Gu.. Feb. 8.—"I have no an-
swer to make," was the sententious re-
ply of Gen. Robert Toombs to a mes-
senger who handed him a note from his
grand daughter, Mrs. Colley, in which
she nsked the privilege of visiting her
f/
nee Miss Cam
g
randmother, Mrs. Toombs, who is iike-
y to die at any moment. Mrs. Colley,
tile Duboes, was the g«i
(Jalle
Duboes, was the gen-
eral's favorite grandchild. Mr. Galley
was raised in tlie same neighborhood in
Wilkes county. Between him and Miss
Caniille love developed, ending in an en-
gagement. Colley was poor, and this
was a mortal sin in Toombs'eyes, and
lie forbade communication between
them, lie rend his will to Miss Camille,
in which she was remembered to the
extent of $00,000.
"I will make It $00,000 Jf you will
break oft'this engagement," said Gen-
eral Toombs. The lady ottered to re-
main single during her grandfather's
lifetime. Growing violent, lie declared
if she intended to throw herself away on
a poor man lie would give her 48 hours
to leave his house. This brought mat-
ters to a crisis, which Mr. Calley and
M.is6 Dubois settled by getting married
immediately. General Toombs at once
disinherited her, and rul'uscs all coin
municatlon., The young couple are up
by the community, General
is blind in one eye, and the
other is almost out. An Atlanta oculist
is to operate on him next week.
The probabilities uro that there is
no truth in tho dispatch except the
blindncs.i and tho marriage.
Toombs is not that sort of a man, is
not rich enough to make such be-
quests, has never objocted to "nis
children's marrying poor men. It
may bo that ho has lost his mind un-
der his terrible affliction^ but this
llcpublican dispatch can not be truo.
TURXKD INPOItMKH.
Cable Dispatches.
Dublin, Februry,.10.—Michael Kuva-
nagh, carman, turned Informer Against
the prisoners charged with consulruey
and the murder of government ollicluls.
He will be the first witness examined In
the investigation at Kilm)iinham; will
testify that he drove the car employed
by the assassins of Lord Cavendish and
Mr. Burke, in Phoenix park, and will
-describe the whole atlali1.
The court was again crowded this
morning with privileged spectators, In-
cluding many lords. After the present
hearing the case will be adjourned un-
til Wednesday, and the examination
thereafter proceed at shorter stages.
Jos. Brady, Timothy Bully, James
Carlcy, town councillor; Carman Fit/.
Harris and seven' other prisoners were
placed In the doek to-day.
Informer Kavunugh, sworn—Deposed
he drove Brady, Kelly and two other
men, whom he did not know, to Plius-
nix park the evening of the assassina-
tion of Lord Cavendish and Mr. Burke.
James Carley and Deluney were on the
seats on the side of the road in the park,
Delaney said they were watchUig the
chief secretary.
The following prisoners were also ar-
raigned at Kilmainham court to-day:
Lawrence lianlon, Jas. Muliett, Jos.
Mullett, Edward O'Brien, Wm.Maro-
ney, David Carley and Daniel Delaney.
KXl'ITKMKXT IN THK DUHI.IM l.'OI'HT,
Dublin, Feb. 10.—There was great ex-
citement when Kavanagh was placed
In the witness seat. Kavanagh' ap-
parently labored under great excite-
ment. He deposed that on the (Ith of
May last he was at Royal Oak public
house, Park Gate street," and was eli-
ded by four men, Brady and Kelloy
two strangers. Brady here uttered
gage
and
uy
a loud tl.reat, but no distinct words
were heard. There was no laughter
among the prisoners to-day when
Kavanagh identified them, lie then
pointed to Patrick Delaney as another
of the men present, lie drove the #our
men into the park by the island bridge
gate to Pheccnix monuiuent, and alotiu
the main road t*> Gough monument, and
there they got down. They said there
were no,sign pf Hkln-tlie-GoAt (meaning
James Fitzllarris, the carman.)! Fltz-
llarris here shouted, "Don't call me
nicknamts."
Among those present In court to
day were Jenkinson, director of the
Irish criminal investigation department
and Courteney Boyle, prlvute secretary
to Lord-Lieutenant Spencer.
Before the prisoners were charged to-
day counsel for George Smith, one of the
accused conspirators, made application
for the ttduilssion of his client to hail,
which wasTefused.
Kavanaugh, resuming, deposed as fol-
lows: After the prisoners had said there
was no sign of * Itz Harris, witness saw
him with a cab coming from the oppo-
site direction, and saw four men alight
from the cab. The cab stayed a long
way up the road with the horses turned
toward Dublin. Shortly after he saw
two gentlemen approaching and heard
a cry. On looking around saw one gen-
tleman fall, but the four men whom he
drove to the park jumped on his car and
drove away. Biaily sat on the right
side of tl'ie car. Kavanagh identified
Fltz Harris as the driver of the cab. He
deposed that he saw Cavendish and
Burke approaching. Some one among
thos8 he drove said the tall man was to
be assassinated. Kavnnagh said he sub-
sequently drove by Chapelizod round
town toPalmerstonpark. Kell
at the terminus. Brady paid hlin ill
Kavanagh, continuing, said : After
the men witness hud driven to the park
alighted there, he put a nosebag on his
horse. While waiting he heard u per-
son speak to Jame* O'Brien. Delaney
afterward Instructed him (Kavanagh)
to look Rhurp and be ready to start.
Upon this, he drove nearer the waiting
group, which included some persons he
did not know. The two gentlemen,
Cavendish and B'jrke, were approach-
ing arm-in-arm. James Curev and De-
laney, who had come back In the car
from the place where it was waiting,
jumped down and joined the group, lie
"heard some one say: It's the tall won.
Kavanagh was then ordered to go
fi t.her away from the conspli ators. As
he did so witness heard some one, Ihj
could not tell whom, repeat: Mind, it's
the tall man. As the gentlemen came
ulong, either Carr or Delaney seized a
white handkerchief. While he was wait-
ing, a carman, nicknamed Newt., passed
him driving a passenger named Dolan
toward Dublin. He was also passed
by some bycyllsts. Witness said
on looking round he thought
he only saw one gentleman fall
and saw that the other, who had an
umbrella, was lying on the ground. On
driving from the scene of the murder
they took a turn to the left, then cross-
ed a bridge to the right along tho Inch-
score roau. Delaney directed him where
to drive. He drove rapidly until he
reached round the town, three miles
froni the park. Here Tim Kelley
alighted. He thendrove to Lesson park,
stopping at a public house near Lesson
bridge. Brady then paid und dismissed
him.
On Sunday morning ho met Brady
again at Townsend street and received
two liounds. Brady afterward bought
him harness, lie allowed the car to re-
main as it was lor some time. After-
ward he had it painted. .On the night
Field was attacked he was on College
street fctand. Joe Brady again engaged
him. They drove into Fleet street.
Delaney then got on the cat and they
drove to Harwick street, where they
alighted. They .told Him to wait.
While waiting, Kelly und Lawrence
lianlon came i|p.
Kuvanagh's evidence inakes It certain
that Burke was the tlrst murdered, and
that the plot was primarily against
him.
As the examination progress, the
prisoners appear to be In sheer despera-
tion. Not one of them looks towurd the
court except lianlon. On Kavanagh
Identifying Delaney and James Carey,
the latter of whom he said he knew
well, there was such a commotion In the
court that the magistrate threatened to
clear it. Brady afterward somewhat
rnercU hi# (.-uupoeure and
piauded
Toombs
JQRT WORT;7
MR.
CHAMBERS ASKS ▲ QUES-
TION.
On Saturday last, a message was
rcceivcd in tho Texas house ot rep-
resentatives, lrorn the scnato, an-
nouncing tho defeat of'Mr. Kendall's
house current resolution looking to
tho appointment of a committee to
investigate tho charge of tho alleged
gobbling yp by speculators, uuder
fictitious names, of school lands.
Mr. Kendall then introduced a
resolution similar in purport, but
directing the creation of a house
cornmitteo of five lor tho purposo
indicated. Ho promised startling
revelations.
Mr. Chambers, of Tarrant, wanted to
know where 2/,000,000.acres of the
school land had vanished to. He said
Commissioner Groos, in 1874, esti-
mated the land in round numbers at
175,000,800 acres, 00,000,000 acres of
which had been covered by certificates.
Governor Coke, three months after-
ward, gave the information in his mes-:
sage, that there were surveyed and lo-
cated In alternate sections, 23,000,000
acres, also TjOO leagues to the ceunties,
making 2,214,000 acres. There ore esti-
mates also given showing that one-half
the public domain set apart for the pur-
pose further Increased the free school
lands as,000.000 acres, making a total of
00,000,000 acres for free school purpose?*
The report of the commissioner of the
land olllce for 1882 showed only US.OOO-
000 acres. Of tills there has been sold
4,000.000 acres, leaving 2 ,000,000 acres.
Thus, it could be seen that there was n
difference of <-<27,000,000 acres. He
thought it was the duty of the house to
see whether a mistake had been made
by Governs Coke or Commissioner
Greos. or if there has been an annual ap-
propriation of the land, in which event
there should be some proceedings taken
to reinvest the state. There ought to
be something done to reinvest the state.
Discussion took the same renge as when
the concurrent resolution was In debate
last week. The resolution was adopted
—yeas, 57; nays, 17.
Turf Texas legislature is trying to
pass a law Requiring saloon-keepers
to remove all screens and conduct
their business openly.
to smile. Kavanagh aald he was so near
the scene of the assassination that, he
heard one of the victims cry, "Oh!"
The tall victim. Burke, was lying in the
roiul. After this exclamation the other
victim wes standing in the rQ&d with in
umbrella in his hands. Kavanagh after-
ward saw him lying In the road, as be-
fore stated.
The evidence is felt to be conclusive.
Little can be added to it, as the erown
will not accept the evidence of the act-
ual participants. The prisoners evi-
dently feel that the game is up. All
now exhibit a c'etlai t demeanor except
James Carey, who sits motionless, glar-
ing fixedly at a bench. The others
move about, hold whispered conferences
and sometimes laugh at any Incident.
Kavunagh further deposes that Fi'.n
Harris on one occasion told him they
were after Judge I.awson. Kavanagh
said he had become Informed Thursday
Inst he htul been sworn In to secrecy by
Kelly. The tusk assigned hiin was to
drive the boys. Independent witnesses
corroborated to having seen Kavanagh
previous to the murders at the public
houses he mentioned in his evidence as
having visited them before he drove to
the park.
Upon Kavanagh entering Info further
details ns to the various times he drove
the assassins after the Phwnix park
murders. Fltz Harris called hin> a liar.
Patrick Delaney is a convict sentenced
to prison for an attempt on the life of
Judge Lawson. Ho sits on a stool in
front of the dock. The clerk read the
names of thirty prisoners, including, in
addition to those already sent to-day,
Fabor and Thos. Dovle. The thirteen
are all charged with conspiracy to mur-
der Mr. Burke and Lord Cavendish and
attack Field. During the reading of
ills deposition. Kavanagh leaned back in
his seat, resting his head on his hands,
with a dogged expression «f counte-
nance.
George Motley, a hatter of Chapel
street, Dublin, deposed that he saw
Kavanagh on the Utii of May at a men's
public house which Kavanagh mention-
ed in his deposition.
The counsel for the crown announced
his intention to produce every little
evidence which would corroborate
Kavanagh.
KuvunuKh said in his evidence that
Kelley lost his hat wiien he mounted
the car after the attack on Field. The
car flow In a clrcuitlous route. In.
Townsend street Kelly bought anothef
hat. At the gas-works Brudy and
Kavanagh wrapped some kind of swords
In paper and threw them Into the basin.
Brady again paid for the car on this oc-
casion. He (Kavunugh) had been twice
in Pheccnix park before may 0 with four
men whom he drove the d(iy qfter thf.
murders. Doyle was present wneri he
was sworn Into the society. He identi-
fied Doyle aB having told hlin he must
the day ufter the swearing drive any-
where ihey required. The prisoner
Doyle hereupon exclaimed: It is a lie.
Dublin, February 10.—Kavanagh, re-
plying to Mr. Murphy, the crown con-,
sel, said on the 0th or Muy he wore a
white hut, but the man on the car, who
was not In the prisoner's doek, changed
with him, giving hlin a large brown one.
[Note—This is regarded Important, as it
is believed to furnish a clew to a mur-
derer not yet apprehended.!
A carman culled, confirmed the state-
ment, testifying thut ho passed Kav-
anugh's car in the dark. Samuel Jac-
obs. a witness ut the inquest, deposed
to seeing the struggle in the park from
a distance of fifty yards. He,saw the
assassins mount the car. and one of
thein afterwurds returned and struck
the prostrafe form, lie could not say
whether four or five mien wereengnged.
Jacobs was iffiable to recognize any of
the men on the car.. Before the arrival
of the bicyclists, two men, one after an-
other, came in and lfcok&l at the bodies
and walked away. .. . . ,
Doyle, Patrick Delaney ond Fltz Har-
ris said they had no questions to ask
Kavanagh. ^ ,
Jim Kelly's counsel endeavored to
shake Kavanngh's evidence by,asking
hlin a question concerning interviews
at the castle and money promised hlin,
but he did not apparently produce rnuct^
impression. Kavanagh identified Jagan
as on associate of the assassin.
SPARKS FROM THE WIRES.'
Put yourself in his place when you sit
in judgment on the Case of the switch-
man, who was indicted for Sleeping at
his post and causing a sidashup oti ond
of Mr. Vanderbilts roads ii> New York.
He worked 17 hours In twenty-four at
§40 per month. Is there any way of
making rallrood managers responsible
for tlifs sort of accidents?
The ex-confederate soliders are now
locating their land certificates In the
Panhandle. They believe that Got-j
ernor Ireland and, the, legislature will
protect thejf claims In thl^ section of
the state. The lands are worth from
$l.u0 to $5 per acre. Th'A lbcaflon of
these certificates will save the state half
the public domain fbr free schools.
The subject is too grave for jesting,,'
but it would not be a bad Idea foif other
roads to follow the example of the
Southern Pacific In Its recent purchsise
ol a cemetery for Its slain in Los Ange-
les, California. That commemorates a
terrible catastrophe. But the recklesa
disregard of the value of huipan life
would soon fill many a graveyard.
This time the St. Louis German euf^
his wife's throat so quietly while she
sleeps that It does not wake the child-
ren. Then he cut* hfe-own t$mmt.
■When the door Is opened by a helgbor
next morning, the $ve children In tb
... - Wp
midlar ,r
to rekif "v
ness w*
the soi}
among I
manor, U
ohielly,
room saw a ghaf-".' ■
was a good >4 . who
Henry Dree*s *1
A-uie '
3 -"
\j
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Matching Search Results
View one place within this issue that match your search.Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
Styles, Carey W. The Daily Democrat. (Fort Worth, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 77, Ed. 1 Monday, February 12, 1883, newspaper, February 12, 1883; Fort Worth, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth233580/m1/1/?q=music: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.