San Antonio Express. (San Antonio, Tex.), Vol. 50, No. 222, Ed. 1 Tuesday, August 10, 1915 Page: 1 of 16
This newspaper is part of the collection entitled: Texas Digital Newspaper Program and was provided to The Portal to Texas History by the Abilene Library Consortium.
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
rtt
Krueger Atlas Engines
A Texas Engine for Texas People.
SUN ANTONIO MICHl I SUPPLTf CO.
Corpus ChrUtl.
San Antonio.
VOLUME L- NO. 222.
ESTABLISHED 1865.
IIUITMAMN'S
PREPARED TAR FELT ROOFING
lour Inquiries Solicited.
F. W H HTM ANN CO
HOUSTON.
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, TUESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 10, 1915. -SIXTEEN PAGES.
Four Mexicans Killed
at Norias Ranch
e
beat off bandits
in fierce bahle
Deadly Aim of Small Band of
Men Turns Onslaught of
Mexicans Into Rout, Then
Sharpshooting Begins.
Captain Fox's Company
of Rangers in Battle
With Mexican Bandits
MOW DOWN THE INVADERS
Rangers Arrive Soon After Sol-
diers and Civilians Had Ex-
hausted Their Ammunition.
Plan of the Raiders Is to Re-
turn Territory to Mexico, Says
Wounded Man.
teutonic s0ld|rns
the ear u
AGAIN!) I o/AR
Ring of Besiegers Has Been
Forged Around the Last
Stronghold on the Vistula
Line.
PLAN
POWERS HA VE DEFINITE
TO ASSURE PEA CE IN MEXICO
CAPTURE FOOD AND FORAGE
Occupation of Praga, Reported by
Berlin, Brings to Dramatic Cli-
max First Phase of Drive to
Polish Capital—Artillery Duel
on West Front Gains English
Some Trenches.
Killed.
FOUR MEXICAN OUTLAWS.
Wounded.
George Forbes, manager of King
Ranch, shot through shoulder.
Franlj Martin, ranch foreman, shot in
left arm.
Three cavalrymen.
Jose Garcia, of outlaw sang.
Special Telegram to The Express.
BROWNSVILLE, Tex., Aug. 9.—
Outnumbered four to one, eight
United States cavalrymen and seven
civilians repulsed an attack on Norias
Ranch house, sixty miles north of here
and drove off sixty Mexican outlaws
after a battle lasting an hour and for-
ty minutes Sunday at night fall, as was
told in The Express this morning. Fur-
ther details tell the story of a des-
perate battle.
Five of the defenders were wounded,
two of them were seriously, and four
outlaws were killed and one mortally
wounded.
Three organized gangs of outlaws,
twenty in each, attacked the house,
which is Willacy County headquar-
ters for King Ranch interests. Norias
is only a section point on the St. Louis,
Brownsville & Mexico Railroad and
has not even a telegraph office.
On information received from Sher-
iff Adkins of Willacy County that out-
laws were operating Sunday morning
in the Norias vicinity, Adjutant Gen-
eral Henry Hutchings, Captain J. M.
Fox and his Ranger company and
Sheriff W. T. Vann left Brownsville
on a special train for Norias Sun-
day afternoon.
At Harlingen, Captain H. L. Ran-
som's Ranger company was picked up,
making seventeen Rangers in all be-
sides eight United States troopers who
boarded the special at Harlingen.
Arriving at Norias, the eight caval-
rymen were left as guard at the ranch
house with Frank Martin, foreman, and
Manager Forbes, of the ranch.
The seventeen Rangers, including
Hutchings, Ransom and Fox were fur-
nished with horses and set out west
to a waterhole twelve miles distant
without finding any trace of outlaws.
The party returned to the ranch
house, reaching the vicinity about 9
o'clock at night.
They approached cautiously. A shout
from within the house warned them to
"fall off" their horses and come into
the house hurriedly as Mexicans had
the house surrounded.
The seventeen men rushed into the
house and not only found five men
wounded, but the small band of de-
fenders had not another round of
shells. The five men who arrived at
the ranch house after the Rangers de-
parted were Sam Robertson of San
Benito, Gordon Hill, son of Lon C-
Hill, of Harlingen; a young man named
Vinson, United States Customs Guards
Marcus Hines and Joe Taylor, both
Former Rangers, These men had ar-
rived in the nick of time to assist the
sight cavalrvmen in the defense.
TtlK (>! TI.AWS APPROACH.
Shortly after the arrival of the civil-
Inns, which wan about 6:30, a band of twen-
ty bor*emen were seen approaching the
ranch house from across the **and dunes.
The Norias men were inclined to believe
these were the returning ranjrers. Some
were in doubt, however, and it was decid-
ed to be prepared to receive »b?m If they
proved outlaws.
When approaehinff horsemen came close
»nou«rh it was found they were armed
CAPTAIN J. MOMtOiJ FOX.
Captain Fox with his company of Texas
Hangers left Brownsville Sunday after-
noon on a special train for Norias, on a
tip that a raid by bandits from Mexico
was planned. In two sanguinary encoun-
ters the bandits were defeated.
rio grande valley
ferguson orders INORF.'se of
twenty men—all must be
Dead shots.
Special Telegram to The Express.
CORPUS CHRISTI, Tex., Aug. 9.—Fol-
lowing the receipt of details today of the
fight at the Norias ranch on Sunday night
between bandits and Rangers, soldiers and
ranchmen, Governor Ferguson sent to the
proper officers instructions for the im-
mediate Increase of the Ranger force, or-
dering that twenty men be immediately
employed.
This makes an increase of forty men in
the service within the past three days, all
of the men to be picked shots of the Rio
Grande territory.
"We have ordered the entire force of
Rangers in the State to the Rio Grande
section and with the forty new enlistments
I believe that the State will have a force
of men that aided by the troops and
peace officers of the several border coun-
ties will, within a very few days, be able
to run down the armed bands of men who
are committing acts of lawlessness and
terrorizing the people of the valley," said
the Governor.
Governor Ferguson received information
that proof had been received that at least
nart of the bandits had crossed over from
Mexico, and he expressed his pleasure at
the action of Federal authorities in send-
ing the four companies of infantrymen
from Laredo to assist the State authorities
in the valley.
President Aids Rescue
of Wrecked Auto Party
CORNISH, N. H., Aug. 9.—President Wil-
son was automoblling today with Mrs.
Francis B. Say re, his daughter, and Dr.
Cary T. Grayson, his naval aide and phy-
sician. between Windsor, Vt., and Aseut-
neyville, Vt., when he and his companions
discovered another machine overturned at
the bottom of an embankment. Mr. Wilson
and Dr. Grayson found Miss E. A. Sway-
sey, Mrs. Emma Hathaway and C C. Judd
of* Norwich, Vt., underneath the automo-
bile and the President helped to pull them
out. They were bruised and frightened,
but not seriously injured. Those in the
overturned automobile did not recognize
the President and did not know who bad
helped them until later, although they
thanked him profusely for his aid.
Promise Not Binding
So Takes French Leave
LONDON, Aug- 9.—The Teutonic al-
lies continue successfully their opera-
tions against Russia in Northwest Rus-
sia and in Poland; an engagement to
drive the remaining Russians from
East Galicia has begun; the British
have recaptured from the Germans in
Belgium trenches taken from them re
cently through the use of flame pro-
jectors and haye captured 700 yards
of additional terrain there; French air-
men have bombarded Saarbruecken, in
Rhenish Prussia, northeast of Metz;
the Italians and Austrians are still in
heavy combat in the mountains, in the
valleys and on the plains of the Aus-
tro-Italian battle grounds.
This may be chronicled in brief the
latest phases of the war as they have
been announced through the various
war chancellories.
Field Marshal von Hlndenhurg's troops
to the north and northeast of Warsaw are
steadily pressing east and southeast; a
ring of besiegers has been forged around
the fortress of Novogeorglevsk, the last
stronghold on the Vistula line remaining
in Russian hands; Praga, the eastern sub-
urb of Warsaw, upon which the Musco-
vites fell back wbeo they evacuated the
Polish capital, has been captured; the rail-
road from Warsaw to Lublin has been
crossed between Ivangorod and Garwolln,
evidently with the idea of moving on to
Lukow, the junction of the Ivangorod-
Brest-Litovsk Railroad. Further eastward
and southeastward, between the Vistula
and Bug Rivers and along the Vieprz, the
Russians are still falling back, but at
some points, especially between the Vieprz
and the Bug, they continue their resistance.
FEW PRISONERS CAUGHT.
The bag of prisoners at Warsaw was
small, Berlin declaring that only a few
thousand of them were taken. Nor has the
number captured by Archduke Joseph
Ferdinand been large, Vienna asserting
merely that the number 01 men captured
by him "has not been over \000."
Although the Teutonic allies seemingly
have not been successful as yet in entrap-
ping any large section of the Russian
Grand Duke's forces, according to the
Overseas News Agency, they have obtained
in their invasion of Poland a bountiful
supply of foodstuffs for their men and
forage for their horses. The news agency
reports that many farmers disobeyed the
Russian orders to destroy their crops and
that the Germans and Austrians have come
in for a full harvest of rye. wheat ami oats.
The occupation of Praga, reported by
Berlin, brings to a dramatic climax the
first phase of the drive at the Polish capi-
( nntinued on Page Four.
MEET, WILL BEGIN
J
*'77/ Take Provisional Presidency
Tagle Reported to Have Sent Word
Chief of Staff of Army,
Bearer of Special Commu-
nication From State De-
partment, Silent on Mission
BELIEVE IT IS PEACE PLAN
Mining Men and Representatives
of the Northern Chieftain on
Hand to Present Their Claims to
the Military Ambassador—May
Also Be Part of Pan-American
Move.
INDEX OF THE NEWS
JOLlET. 111., Auk. 9.—Have Anderson, a
life convict, is at large today because, it
In said, he considered that tils promise to
Warden Allen. by the term, of which be
became one of the prisoners who were not
i-'iiarded, censed to be binding when the
warden's resignation was annoum-ed. He
left the prison unquestioned last night
Anderson. 26 rears old. was sentenced
murder of Detective
Mexicans. The fifteen men In liif ranch j H J'r
lollop ran out nnd took cover behind th# Michael ( allahan in ' hicago se n j.ars
• lightly elevated railroad trsofc. The Mexi- hut governor D«neen commuted the
raus '•imf on steadily, with their rifles
.♦•adlnes*.
The ranch house stands possibly fifty
cards west of the track. A hundred yards
Month of the ranch house, located al«o on
the west side of the track, stai.d* the
section bouse of the railroad, with labor
*rs' quarters adjacent. Across the track
f\ a handcar and tool bouse. There is
□o station building. The defenders took
flp their positions on the right of way. be-
tween ranch house and jailroad buildings.
Just a* in a Mexican battle the on-
coming outlaws broke into a eallop. Fif-
teen rifles rang out from the railroad
track. Yelling, the outlaws cam" on in a
veritable charge. The fire that met them
Callmm Pm T-*
sentence to life imprisonment.
Can This Be True of
the German Battleships?
PITROGRAD, Ang. 10 I Via London. 1:34
a. m i.—Tbe following official communica-
tion was issued tonlglit:
"A German flevt of nine battleships and
twelve cruisers with a large number of
torpedo boat destroyer*. persistently at-
tacked the entrance to the Gulf of Riga
Sunday, buf everywhere were repulsed.
A cruiser and two torpedo boat destroyers
were damaged."
weather conditions
San Antonio mid vicinity: Trobnbly
thunder showers today and tomorrow.
THE TEMPERATURES.
a. m
.... 75
j
P-
P-
m
.... 91
7
a. in
.... 77
J
m
.... 93
8
a. m
.... 79
3
P-
ni
.... M
9
a. m
.... 80
4
P.
m
.... 94
10
a. m
.... 81
5
P.
m
.... 97
11
n m
.... 87
i
P-
m
.... 99
12
noon
89
7
P-
m
.... 92
PAGK ]—Dead-shots of Klo Grande Valley
to be enlisted In Ranger force.
Effective relief work In Mexico at last
possible,
MeAdoo denies he is attempting to
finance new government In Mexico.
General Scott and Villa to begin con-
ference today.
Plan will be ratified Wednesday to
bring peace to Mexico.
Teutons go unchecked In their cam-
paign in Russia.
Papal delegate says Tope is a war
sufferer.
American harvest sets a new high rec-
ord.
PAGK S—Mexico's better day is dawning,
says Dr. Henry Allen Tupper.
Villa anny In fine shape, decla.-c
refugees.
PAGE .1—Oral testimony in brewers' cn»e
now under way.
Wreckers derail passenger train in Del
Rio vards.
PAOE&—Tbe watermelon breaks Into so-
ciety.
PAGK •—.Inlia Marlowe quits the stage.
Wide benefit to accrue from Port
Aransas ship service.
Mrs Hopkins held on lunacy charge.
PAGK »—Taking physical testa of army
officers.
PAGES 10 AMI 11—shreveport wins first
of series from Broncos.
Gassers Just now rate as one of tile
most dangerous clubs In the league.
Phlllle* lose and Brooklyn wins, clo»
Ing tip National League race some more
All three foremost clubs In American
League win their «ames.
General local and wire sporting news.
PAGE 13—War stocks again show general
advance: wheat market has bearish ten-
dency and cotton goes down.
PAGK'!•—"Heaps of fun," says Max Blum,
back from Frisco.
Villa is popular with Americans in
Mexico. ...
Kir«t arrest for corral violation is a
woman.
Sooth Heights sewer extra* total
EL PASO, Tex., Aug. 9.—Major
General Scott, Chief of Staff of the
United States Army, bearing a special
commission from the State Depart-
ment to General Villa, arrived here
todf*y. He saw a committee of min-
ing men at the home of J- F. Williams,
whose guest he is to be while here,
and made a brief visit to General
Francisco Villa at Juarez.
After his return from Juarez it was
explained the visit to Villa was mere-
ly an exchange of greetings and was
no part of the official conferences
which will begin tomorrow.
General Scott was met on his ar-
rival here by Colonel Bundy, acting
brigade commander; George Car-
others, Felix Summerfeldt of New
York, representative of the Villa gov-
ernment, and a committee of officers
sent by General Villa. He declined
to discuss his mission.
The conference at the Williams home
lasted about two hours and was attended
by a committee of representatives of min-
ing corporations, Zach Cobb. Collector of
the I'ort, and representatives of mer-
chants whose property !s under seizure
at Chihuahua.
At tbe close of the conference General i
Scott sped In an automobile across the
International bridge to Juarez. |
On the Mexicr.n side a line of cavalry |
was drawn up to escort General Scott. t
Hack of the line was General Villa and
his aides In an automobile.
ALL HOPE FOR PEACE.
After an exchange of greetings General
Villa escorted General Scott to the \ ilia
quarters, where General Scott spent about
twenty minutes.
Aside from the statement of George E.
Carothers, special agent of the State De-
partment, that Interference with foreign
property aim imports was halted by the
announcement of the coming of General
Scott, no Information has come to give an
Inkling of the exact nature of the com-
mission General Scott bears.
The Villa leaders expect from him rep-
resentations on pence in connection with
tbe Pan American Conference. The for
tlgn merchants and mining corporation
representatives expect assistance. the
former in tbe rescinding of orders of
confiscation, and the latter a clear state-
ment from General Villa as to what will
be required of them at the meeting he
has en lied of mining men at Chihuahua
Cite
lie had refused In .Tuareg. It !k said,
to state what matter would be brought
before them, and. It Is said, refused to
discuss tbe matter at all for the present.
EFFECTIVE RELIEF
WORK IN MEXICO
AT10 POSSIBLE
VILLA GOVERNMENT TO FACILI-
TATE PLANS, GIVES RED CROSS
FREE BAND.
W <-:V
he
at
Lansing Makes Announce-
ment and Is Encouraged,
but Declines to Discuss the
Details.
TO ADDRESS ALL FACTIONS
Military Men, Governors of Stato
and Others of Influence Will Be
Asked to Get Into Caucus at
Which Substantial Provisional
Government Might Be Framed
by Them.
Senor Tagle was Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Francisco Ma-
dero, the last constitutional President of Mexico. He is the only member
of that cabinet who has not sacrificed his right to the succession by tlceing
the country. It is reported from both Washington and New York that his
name has been submitted to the Pan-American conference and further, that
he has signified to Washington his willingness to take the provisional
Presidency.
no denies
his visit has eo
e
presence in the financial
district leads to great
deal of speculation.
191
for
record-breaking crops WILL
be garnered by many pros-
perous farmers.
WHAT MEXICANS BELIEVE WHEAT SETS A HIGH
FIRST REAL CO-OPERATION
For the first time since the civilian
population of Mexico faced starvation be
cause of tbe constant civil warfare In the
republic really effective and unhampered
relief work by the American Red Cross
Society has been msde possible.
At a conference held last week between
j c. Weller, special agent of the American
Red Cross Society, and General Orestes
Peyrera. military governor of the District
of Saltlllo and close adviser of General
Villa, the Red Cross representative was
told that the Villa government wonld here-
after do all In Its ilower to facilitate re
11.1 work by tha society. Ho was promised
that tbe government would not only per
mtt the unrestricted purchase In Mexico
of food and other relief supplies where
this was deemed advisable ny the Red
r oss. but would also furnish free • of
I caarge special trails to transport these
NEW YOItK. Aug. 9. -Secretary of tbe
Treasury MeAdoo, after spending virtually
the entire day at tbe Sub-Treasury and In
the financial district, late today denied
that his mission here had been to discuss
with hankers plans for financing a possible
new Mexican government.
In view of the fact that the conference
between Robert Lansing, Secretary of
State, and the six South American 11111
bassadors and ministers, will lie resumed
here Wednesday, the meeting of Secretary
Lansing -and Secretary "MeAdoo at a hotel
here Sunday was regarded as having an
important bearing in the future of Mexico.
Secretary MeAdoo, however, snld he came
here on department business and not I" I
discuss plans for financing Mexico, lie |
did not state the exact nature of ills bus!
ness.
•The Mexican situation. Mr. MeAdoo i
said, is, as a matter <>f fact, outside of my
department. The State Department is I
dealing with that now. What I would as- !
siime that the t'nlted States wants to do
now Is tn bring about a conference aiiiaig
the Mexican factions. I do not. think that
any actual flnsii.-iiig will be undertaken
until after such a conference."
Assuming that I lie 1'ulted States should
In the course of events establish a govern-
ment In Mexico. Mr. MeAdoo said, there
would be no difficulty ab.mt flnaines.
Prominent Mexicans here expressed the
belief that the diplomatic conference was
transferred to New York chiefly so that
the piirttcipfting delegates could meet
financiers.
-O
George Fitch, Author,
Dies From Operation
WASHINGTON. D. C„ 'Aug. 9. -lhree
billion bushels of corn, one and one-hair
billion bushels of ulits and a billion bush-
els of wheat are in prospect for this year s
American harvest. Record crops of rice,
w hite and sweet potatoes, tobacco anil hay
are also predicted for the prosperous
fanners who have planted >110,<*40,0(10 acres,
or lonfltl.lKHl acres more lliau Inst year to
their principal products.
The wheat crop, he biggest ever grown
in any country, will be worth more than
Continued on Page Two.
CALLS POPE WAR SUFFERER
WASHINGTON, D. C., Aug. {/.-
Powers of North and South America
already have agreed on a definite plan
for dealing with the Mexican problem,
and when the Pan-American confer-
ence is resumed in New York Wednes-
day the program will be formally rati-
fied.
This information came today front
Secretary Lansing, who, though he
would not discuss details, said he was
decidedly encouraged over the pros-
pect.
"The confidence expressed by offi-
cials generally here that the conferees
representing the United States, Brazil,
Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Guatemala
and Uruguay will be able to shape a
course likely to bring peace and re
store constitutional government in Mex-
ico is due to the fact that all nr;
agreed that most of the people of Mex-
ico are thoroughly sick of war and
with encouragement from friendly
Powers will promptly join in a move-
ment to clean house.
The Pan-American conferees are un-
derstood to have determined to pre-
sent the situation to all the elements
in Mexico, addressing directly not only
Generals Carranza, Villa and Zapata,
but the Governors of States, all mili-
tary leaders with any considerable fol-
lowing and other influential men, urg-
ing them to come together for a cau-
cus at which a substantial provisional
government might be framed. A gov-
ernment as set up would have the sup-
port of the United States and other
American republics. Officials here be
lieve it would be able to suppress
promptly any dissatisfied group which
n ight continue civil strife
There has been talk of Joiut armed in-
tervention by the powers represented in
the conference to unlet any leaders «»»
Insist upon remaining in the field wltn
military forces. Some of the conferees,
however, are said to believe that the morul
support of the powers behind such ele-
ments US join in the conference for a new
provisional government, (together with i
strict embargo against the shipment of
war munitions to anv one in Mexico except
the tfovernnient so formed, would quicKiy
accomplish the desired result.
LANSING IS OPTIMISTIC.
Secretary Uinslng talked optimistically
'"•'When the conference adjourned hern
hist Friday," he said, "it had reached the
point where a very definite policv had
been agreed upon The conference wits ad-
journed because it wished to consult Presi-
dent Wilson regarding this agreement. I
have consulted hlui through correspond
enee anil we are now ready to resume d«-
Admln"st rat lon officials were somewhat
perturbed over the official
that tbe Guatemalan Mexico
Archbishop Bonzano of Rome Approves
Suggestion of Fund to Belp
Along Cause of Peace.
Continued on
minister to Mexico
Page Two.
ST. PAI L.
It. Resloutlons
Minn., Aug. -
endorsing the ,ic»ce enf-rence to be be d
in i hi. ago September ,i and « and ret-
omniendlng that the State and local or-
ganizations affiliated with the i-entral verc
fn send delegstes to the meeting to pro
test against the continued shipment of
munitions of war to Knrope. were adopted
toil'iv hv the National P^deration of iicr^
man-American Catholic Societies, In annual
the
by
tendency to
man
convention here.
"Every American eltiien deplores
war " salil President Joseph I re> "f New
K. !V "am. as American cltlxens tbey I
should protect against an? artlvit.p*
Am°rl<-an* tvhich^will have a
' TnV"£l«H:igWarArchhi«hop "f j
Rome, papal delegate. President lre> sng ,
gestcd a fund of fl.000 be rat^ to for
ward to Pope Benedict, to aid in carrying;
on his work In the countries involved 1
in the Knropean war.
Archbishop Ronr.iuio approve* tho^ sag
ItKItKELEV, Cal.. Ana. 0. George Pitch,
the author, died at a sanitarium here today,
having failed to rally from an operatlou for
appendicitis performed yesterday. Mr.
Kltch wss taken 111 oil Saturday. He bail
been vHltlng Ills sister, Miss R. Lonlse
pitch who Is a student In the 1'nlverslty 1 .sn-inm>n"i* . -»- M k|mBnt. -
of California. His home was In Peoria, 111. ! gestion. adding that the pope hlms. If is a
Mr Pitch came to California early last i -wa: suffere;
Jalv with Mrs. Kltch. who was with him Keports ™bl™Mteda» t^ b . ^ |
at the time .,f his death. Arrangements slon tonight »hosed the f '
S.ve Vc™ mute to reuiove the b...|y to grown from a mcn,t«-^Mp of
1 Peorta for burl.I after funeral service, have , St Paul ,acting In 1W ^membership
I held here n^t Frtdaj. |oi 132,OUO at tine preatm
' fft*....: ■
The Mexican Situation
Diplomats of Cer.tral and South
America and Secretary Lansing have
reached an agreement to force peace
in Mexico and out a stable govern-
ment in the republic. This agree-
ment will he ratified at a m«*tin»
to be held in New York Wednesday.
General Bugh L. Scott, Chief
of Staff of the Army, and General
Francisco Villa will be?in their con-
ference todav. General Scott is si-
lent on his mission, but it may be
part of the Pan-American plan for
oeace.
Secretary of the Treasury Mc-
Ado* in New York denies hi» visit
to hankers is to finance a new gov-
ernment in Mexico. Be says. how.
ever, there would be r.o difficulty
in bringing that about.
The Brazilian Minister, who
been representing interests of
United States in the City of Me*,
ico, ouits his poet because of
tility of Carrama.
♦
*
-V
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
San Antonio Express. (San Antonio, Tex.), Vol. 50, No. 222, Ed. 1 Tuesday, August 10, 1915, newspaper, August 10, 1915; San Antonio, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth433143/m1/1/: accessed June 13, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Abilene Library Consortium.