South-Western American (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 4, No. 4, Ed. 1, Wednesday, August 4, 1852 Page: 2 of 4
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counties with peihaps. the exception of those comities living
east of the Colorado. The road would likewise take the en-
tire trade and travel of Hrtys. Caldwell Correal. Guadalupe
Gonzales and DeWitt counties as also the trade and travel
piPihqse counties or sections of country to which San Anto-
uio is a comrrimi centre. In other words it would take the
trade and travel of the Color do valley from Columbus to
Baalrop all' the intermediate country to the Guadalupe the
Affhole of the trade and travel of the Guadalupe valley the
trade .ot the country from th.it river to the San Antonio river
inclusive as well as the trade and travel passing through this
Sityalbr the upper counties of Medina and Gillespie and the
trade and Havel to El Paso. Chihuahua eta.
' Were Port LaVaca or Powderhorn selected as the termi-
nus the point or points west of the terminus would on thi-
line lie on a suitable routeto which the ro;id might be ex-
tended should circumstances require such extension. In the
event of Saiuiia being si-leclrrl s the terminus of the lineof
road from the crossing of the Guadalupe river east of Hiii-
tnn. would nass within three miles of Port LaVaca v.ithin
two miles of Powderhorn Dayou and within four and a half
miles of Victoria allowing the road by a slight deflection to
touch at Port LaVaca an 1 Powderho.n and pats through
Vicoria. This if desirable could he done at a slight cost
over the expense of "construction of a straight line; as the in-crea-ed
length of road to touch at or pais through the points
named would not be over two miles and three quarters ; fiom
Victoria about one mjle from LaVaca three quarters of a
mile from Powdcrhorm passing through Indianola. one mile.
Were Palacios selected as the terminus the toad would
command the trade and travel already indica'ed. with peihaps
the exception of the San Antonio valley from the junction of
. .. T i ..i.i i .i r il !
tpei-iojblo to me coasr ana tne iraue. ot tne uuhuuiuji: mu
its tributaries fiqm its mouth to about twelve miles abov
Victoria. As an offset to this loss the road to Palacios would
take the entire trade and travel of Jackson atid Wharton
counti.es. and a portion of Matagorda county. From the
crossing on'the Guadalupe east of Clinton the distance to
Columbus'is about sixty-five miles; to LaGiaitge siMy-four
miles: to B.istrop ten miles: to San Antonio. seventy miies;
Lockhard sixty-two miles; Gonzalez thirty -three miles. The
distance from the crossing on the Guadalupe to Palacios is
seventy seven miles; from the same point to Port LaVaca the
distance is forty eight miles; to Powderhorn Bayou fifty-eight
miles; to Saluria sixty-six miles.
.Proposals and conditional donations have been received
from the owners and citizens of places all-ged as suitable
points for the 'erminus on the coasr to which the attention of
the Board of Directors is callrd. Thoe from Palacios and
vicini.ty are uumbefed 1 23 and book marked A. From the
LaVaca Narigation Company and the citizens and owners
of-laud at LaVaca and Vicinity s e documents numbered 4
5 6 and 7 and fiom Calhoun county see paper numbered 8.
From Powderhorn and vicinity see proposals to giadea por-
tion of th(- road as also documents numbered 9. 10. 11 and
hooked marked B. From Victoria city and county see doc-
ument numbeied 12 and 13. From Saluria see documenrs
numbered 14 15 16. 17. From Goliad see document num-
bered IS
! The right of way on the upper or eastern line to the cros-
sing -of the Guadalupe river. ha with a few trifling excep-
tions been secured to the company fc'ee Reports of the
coropanVA.ag.-nt A. P. M. Piatt Esq. numbered 19 2021
22 23. "On the western line but little has been accomplished
bjvthe agent either in obtaining donations subscriptions or
the right of way. owing entirely to the non-rcsidende of land-
owners and the limited population on that line.
The undersigned are unable to iccommcnd at the present
time any' point for the action of the Board as the terminus.
The necessary attention to other matters on the part of the
committee in connec'ion wrhtlie prevalence of the. epidemic
on the coast have prevented them from being picparcJ to lay
before the board the ptoposals from the parties interested in
a-definite and legal form and with the necessary information
as to the character of title under which thev claim an interest
in the. different points or town sites on the coa-t. In addition
to these reasons more liberal offers are confidently expected
from the parties interested and an ev ensiqn of time is earn-
estly asked by some to enable them to make those oflers.
Were the terminus selected to clay the. company is not pre-
pared to commence the work nor will it be under any cir-
cumstances before the close of summer.
In connection with this subject it may be proper to remark
that in the event" of the State's adop ing the mistaken policy
of withholding aid from works of internal improvement then
it 'may be not only advisable for the speedy cornpletian of the
road but it m'mbt be absolutely necev-ary.to call in the aid of
foteign capitalists. In that event the committee are strongly
impressed with the belief in the necessity of leaving the se-
lection of the terminus to those most largely interested in the
enterprise. But little can be gained by selecting the terminus
before the company is ready to comm-nee. opeiations; at least
not sufficient to countebala ice the injury resulting from a se-
lection of that paint before all the proposals are. received.
The committee in conclusion would remark that they be-
lieve the best interests of the company.requires that the ques-
tion of terminus should not be hastily acted on as the title to
all the points require an investigation and more liberal offers
will be presented. These considerations in connection with
the contingency already alluded to (of foreign capitalists be-
coming largely interested in the road) demand that the. ques-
tion of terminus remain for the present an open one. All of
which is respectfully submitted
. " ENOCH JONES
THOMAS J. DEVINE
"' San Antonio July 16 '52. Committee on Terminus.
THE SOUTn WESTERN AMR1I0AN.
p decokdova rniTou.
CITY OF AUSTIN. WEDNESDAY AUGUST 4 1852.
For President
GENERAL FR.ViNKLlN PIEB.CE
QF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
For Vice President
WILLIAM R. KING
OF ALABAMA.
Presidential Electors.
GUY M. BRYAN.
District Elcctojs.
R.S. NEIGHBORS
LEMUEL D. EVANS.
GEO. W. SMYTH
V. B. PALMER of New York is our authorized Agent to transact
business for the American in throughout the eastern c ties.
BAR JONAH. A writer over this signature in the Wesleyan
Banner attacks the Rev. E. B. Fontaine's oration deliveied on the 3d of
July last. "Bar Jonah's" communication is based on ceitaiu expres-
sions said to have been used by the rev. gentleman but which are no
where to be found in the document as published ; and giving " Bar Jonah "
the full benefit of his quotation the deductions drawn therofiom are illog
ical and not at all in keeping with the context.
Mr. F.'s fame as a preacher his populaiity as a man and a citizen can
nol be injured in this community by the silly lucubrations of any anony
mous scribbler whose vanity (or some other passion not so Harmless in us
nature) prompted him to write the article.
ELECTION RETURNS.
TRAVIS COUNTY AUSTIN PRECINCT.
For CompVler J. B. Shaw 476; Treasurer J. H.Raymond 473; Attor-
ncy-Gcneml John Saylcs 1G4 Thomas Jennings 51. A J. Hamilton 243 ;
Diolnct-Altorney A. H. Chalmers 383 W. Larkins 22 F. Vv. Chandler 61;
Chief Justice J. B. Costa 299. J. Miner 154 ; County Clerk A. B. McGill
457; County Commisiionais S.M. Swenson 221 T. F. McKinney 279. N.
Mcriill 387 J. B Banks 35 1 A. Brown 86 A. N. Hopkins 184 B. Grum-
bles 180; County 2'raisurcr J. M. Swisher 459; Assessor and Collector
T. B. Beck 346 L.Bott 102; District Surveyor J. R. Pace 199 II. L. Up-
shui 25S; Sheriff G. W. Scott 212 T. Glascock 208 S. M. Cain 32; Cor-
oner 0. Willcux 231 V7. Sauers 31. Tarbox GO; wince John Ashley 217
It. N. Allen 6G J. T. Allen 234 T. Ward 132; Constable J. T. Price 355
A. Lee 52.
WEBBER'S PRAIRIE.
Comptroller Jas. B. Shaw 143; Treasurer J. Raymond 142; Attorney-
General. J. Sayles 17 T. J.Jennings 10 A. J. Hamilton 120; District-Attorney'
A. II Chalmers 79 W. Laikins 49 F. W. Chandler 9; Chief Jus-
tice J. B. Costa 110 J. Miner 30; County Clerk. A. B. McGill 140; Com-
missioners S. M. Swenson 31 T. F. McKinney 39 N. Merrill 97 John B.
Banks 102. A.N.Hopkins 20 B. Grumbles 16 A. "Brown 67; Treasurer
J. M. Swisher 130; Ass. and Collector L. Bott 3 1 T. B. Beck 111; District
Surveyor II. L. Upshur 82 Jas. R. Pace 57; Slicnlf 1. LrlaseocK 4o u.
W. Scott 89 S. M. Cain 10.
HAYS COUNTY.
Shaw S3 Ramond 83 Sayles 51 Hamilton 17 Jennings 4 Chalmers
30 Larkins 16 Chandler G Pace 55 Upshur 15.
WILLIAMSON COUNTY.
Sayles 9 1. Hamilton GG Jennings 21 Chalmers 119 Chandler 3S La
kins 29.
THE PRESIDENCY. The presidential canvass has not yet assumed
so partizan an aspect as to render it impossible for men to look dispassion-
ately at the prospect of success. While at the South a large number of
the Whies swallow the nomination of Scott yet it is very apparent f ho
dose is abitter one and the medicine such as not to impart a particle of
the elixir of enthusiasm. 'Those who support him support him merely as
the partizan candidate; and it is very evident that those Whigs who
oppose him do so from insurmountable whig scruples. Wre have noticed
that in almost every Southern State more or less of the whig press have
refused to come into the support of Scott. Among these presses may bo
enumerated some of the oldest organs of the whig party such as the
Georgia Constitutionalist Brownlow's paper and one of the leading whig
presses at Wilmington North Carolina. The3e are only a few among
man.
All who are acquainted with partizan presses know that they aro
dependent upon their partizans for support: this is peculiarly so with the
whig presses which are generally supported by advertizing merchants
and office holders. Parlian editors are not apt to give up a living or the .
patronage of those on whom they have been dependent for years. The
course therefore of the numerous whig presses who have refused to sup-
port Scott may be regarded as a fair indication of the feelings of the
Whigs in' those communities: the presses only reflect the sentiments of
their patty. It is. therefore no unreasonable assumption to say that Scott
cannot get a single Southern State. His most sanguine supporters do not
give him Maine nor New Hampshire Ohio Indiana or Illinois. So that
were it possible for him to get New York and Pennsylvania there would
be no chance of his election. Those who believe hi3 success possible
have only to ask from whence can his strength come?
.- " i
From the New York Tribune.
THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. Our present estimate of the
"eneral state of the probable result is as tollows:
Probable for Scott. voiwijut. rrooaoie jor nerce.
Massachusetts 13 Maine
Vermont 5 Ohio
Rhode Island 4 Maryland
Connecticut 0 Florida
New York 35 Louisiana
New Jersey 7 Indiana
Pennsylvania 27 Michigan.
Delaware 3 Wisconsin
North Carolina 10 Iowa
Kentucky 12 California
Tennessee 12
Total
Total 134 Whole number
Scott's particular organ the New York Tribune can only count as prob-
able for Scott one hundred and thirty-four votes; to do which ho includes.
New York and Pennsylvania and among the doubtful he places Ohio.
yNow if we can read the signs of the times correctly tne louowmg win dc
the result :
8 New Hamshire 5
23 Virginia. 15
8 South Carolina 8
3 Georgia 1 0
6 Alabama 9
13 Mississippi 1
6 Texas 4
5 Illinois 11
4 Missouri 9
4 Arkansas 4
80 Total 82
196 Majority 149
rjJLook here friend Smith we know nothing about that "water mel-
on auction-"' at the democratic meeting because we were one hundred
miles distant from the metropolis but refer you to the following article in
last Saturday's Gazette :
There is in the last Galveston Journal a communication written fiom this
citv signed "A Whig" which abounds in statements of which the author
for whom we entertain the highest respect personally should be thorough-
ly ashamed. Many ol Ins statements are not only untrue but are abso-
lutely scurrilous towards a large majority of the citizens ol this city and
count' and as such do not merit a contradiction.
Well Mr. Journal may be you also eutertain lugli respect personally
for your correspondent; if you do. make him retract his statement or con-
firm it if he cav
J&TS. by oMWE."-! g-md as vgu love uy tanc noi ot me uru-
Pierce.
Alabama 9
Arkansas 4
California. 4
Georgia. 10
Indiana 13
Illinois 1 1
Iowa 4
Maine 8
Michigan G
Mississippi 7
Missouri 9
New Hampshire 5
New Jersey 7
New York. 33
Ohio ' " 23
Pennsylvania 27
South Carolina 8
Texas 4
Virginia 14
Florida 3
Louisiana 6
Scott.
Delaware
Rhode Island
Vermont
Doubtful.
Cdnnecticut
-Kentucky
-21arland
North Carolina
Tennessee
Massachusetts
Wisconsin
Total
3
4
5
ia
6
12
8
10
12
13
5"
ee
Total" 218
Number necessary for a choice 149 and should the democrats Ioso
both Pennsylvania and New York they will still be successful ; and then
we have put Tennessee among the doubtful States though we calculate
on at least 6000 majority.
liancv of tlieYvTEWA? of t!l0 eloquent speeches in racr ol the resuiu-
ions for if you do wi' shall certainly impair our lungs wnn excessive
laughter; and we feel confident that you do not wish us this calamity un-
til after the campaign at least.
THE BRAZOS DELTA AND THE APPORTIONMENT BILL We
cut the following from the Dolta. We cannot help the obstinacy of the
editor if he prefers to ground his articles on falsehood instead of truth
when it is within his reach ; indeed it shows very little appreciation for
his readers. He says :
As to the excuse that the bill did not reach the executive "more than
tenor fifteen minutes before the adjournment of the legislature" it is per-
fectly untenable and without the palliation of the shadow of truth to
brin- to its uppoit. We speak from authority and without the fear of
successful contradiction that the apportionment bill was sent to Gov. Bell
for his signature about nine o'clock p. m. whereas the legislature did not
adjourn until near mid-night. So much lor " ten or fifteen minutes."
We maintain that the legislature adjourned before it was possible for
the executive to read the bill; and farther that the committee who wait-
ed on the governor to inform him that the legislature was ready to adjourn
reached the executive office within five minutes after the bill.
Although we do not write ourself a "lawyer" yet we are quite able to
refute any of the legal positions taken by the editor of the Delta. His
last quotation from Hartley's Digest oti the slave case decided at San
Antonio was particularly ridiculous.
EXTRA SESSION. Those who are advocating an extra session per-
haps might be satisfied if the governor were to issue his proclanition some
time after the 4th of next March when he will bo able to say whether
the action of the United States Congress with regard to our public debt
requires the action of the legislative wisdom of our State.
2t-t-evtr.o-sf!ssion at the time indicated will have ample time to pass an
apportionment bill. The idea that has been thrown out so extensively-
through the State that it is necessary for the sake of internal improve
ments that the governor should issue his proclamation for an extra session
is notone of the contingencies mentioned in the constitution and the gov.
crnor in our opinion cannot without better reasons attend to the sug.
gestion.
HOW TO MAKE BACON PLENTY. The following remaks on this
subject from the pen of G. D. Mitchell of Cedai Grove Miss. we sub-
mit to the attention of our readers
The present high prices of moat should cause the planters of the south
to reflect and soe if they cannot devise some plan to remedy the evil. I
know a planter whose cotton crop amounted to about S3000 and he pays this
this from five to six hundred dollars for meat; and I have no .'oubt that
thousands of others ito the same in proportion to the amount of their crops.
Now gentlemeu. 1 propose the followins remedy:
. In the first place every planter should raise a sufficient quantity of corn
and never be under the necessity of buying; then if possible enclose
enough land to keep his hogs in a-ul not permit them to run at large to
become wild or be killed by the neighbors' negroes. In the next place
make a boiler as follows: get two planks each ten feet" long two and a
Jir fuot w"l nnd f.wn inches thick: then make the bottom and ends
of sheet iron by nailing it on the planks set this boiler on two rows of
brick-! about one loot hign irom tile grounit wiui a ciurauuy tui i muu.
This boiler can be heated with a very small quantity of wood. Into this
boiler put your corn cotton seed pumpkins potatoes kitchen slop and
every thing that a hog will eat and "boil them together every day occa-
sionally throwing in a little salt md ashes and have several troughs close
jby the boiler and feed your hogs every night with this food and my
woril for It we shall soon be able to be exporters instead of importers of
bacon and pork. .
" The same quantity of food given to hogs that is cooked as above will
raise 'and keep fat three times as many as when given to them in the ordi-
nary raw state. All this can be done by a bny ten years old who by at-
tending to yourhoES in this way will make you moie money than two ot
your best field hands can in the cotton field. Try this for two years and
if you do not succeed come to me and I will pay all your losses ineurted
in' the experiment.
-AN EASY NATURED FARMER. The Detroit Advertiser relates the
following example of resignation usual among the Americans
A ceitain good natured old Vermont farmer preserved his good nature
let'what would turn up. One day while the black tongue prevailed in
that State one of his men came in bringing the news that one of his red
.oxen was dead. -
"Is-he?" said the old man '-well he always was a preecliy cuss.
Take his hide off and carry it down to Fletcher's it will bring the ca;h "
An hour afterwards the man came'back with the news that 'line back'
and his mate were both dead. "Are they?" said the old man "well I
tookthemof B to save a bad debtthat I never expected to get. It
is lucky that it ain't the briudles. Take the hides down to Fletcher's;
they will bring the cash." After the lapse of another hour the man
came back to tell hi-:i that the nigh brindle ws dead "Is he V said the
old man ' well he was a very old ox. Take off his h'de atid take it down
to Fletchers it's worth the cash and'will bring more than any two of the
.others." Hereupon ins wife who was a very pious soul taking upon her-
self the office ot Eliphaz reprimanded her husband very severely and
asked him if he was not aware that his loss was a judgment of Heaven
'for his wickedness. "Is it 1" said the old fellow. "Well if they will
take the judgment in cattle it is the easiest way I can pay it! ''
THE EXTRA SESSION THE APPORTIONMENT BILL. The
Western Texan again reirerates an assertion which we have seen no
where else. It says
From well established precedents we believe that the preceding appor-
tionment law is a dead letter upon the statute book.
Will the editor for the sake of information tell us where are those pre-
cedents. The bestinformed of our bar here seem to be ignorant of them.
The whole controversy turns opon this point. For if the apportionment
law of 1850 be a dead letter (for which assertion we have yet seen neith-
er precedent nor argument) then the duty of the governor is plain. In
the Texan the"rc is another remark which would be belter addressed to a
proposed change f the constitution than to the necessity or propriety of
reconvening tho legislature.
Surely the Texai would not have the governor violate the constitution
in order to give antual instead of biennial sessions. But hear him
We are onnosctl to too frequent legislation but when an emergency
arises which demaids it economy should not be taken into consideration.
TJIn a new and rapidly improving State like ours where our wants and
interests are contiiually changing biennial sessions are not calculated to
meet the growing (emanil3 for legislation. We do honestly believe that
an etra session isnecessary to meet the requiremeuts of the constitution
and should one be called there are several measures of vital importance
to the growth and jrosperity of Texas that might be enacted.
It would seem tlen that much more is desired than merely to pass an
apportionment bil. Well there were some measures of tolerably vi-
tal importance pased at the last session. And if the Texan will guaran-
ty the passage ofjhe internal improvement bill we will even go for it.
One thing wo willguaranty : If those opposed to it will resign the peo-
ple will send menbers pledged to its support.
THE SAN ANTONIO AND GULF RAILROAD. We publish to-day
the reportjjf Col. I. E. Johnstone of the U. S. Army the engineer ap-
pointed to survey his route: and also the report of the committee on the
terminus. Those aking an interest in the subject will thus be enabled to
see an approximaion to the cost of constructing railroads through Texas.
The cost may be et down at St 0.000 per mile.
There is one fad in these reports which strikes us with a great deal of
force. Should theGuadalupe be crossed near Clinton the distance to Co-
lumbus andLaGraige 65 miles to Bastrop 50 to San Antonio 70 to Lock-
hart 62 to GonzJ.cs 33 to Palacios 77 to LaVaca 48. to Powderhorn 5S
to Saluria 66 andio Austin say 70 miles. Now although these total dis-
tances are 589 rules yet it is apparent that one half the distance will
grid iron each aid every one of these towns together and still leave the
same rivalry to e.Jh and every one of the coast towns.
Add 130 miles lore road and all these places will be connected with
Galveston bay byonnected railroads. S3.500000 will do the whole busi-
ness. Let it be tine and the world has not such a country as this same
western Texas.
It can it musf-and it will be done
TEXAS MARBLE. We are indebted to Capt. Grumbles for the fol.
lowing interesting letter from Charles M. Howell in reference to this im-
portant production of our State :
Laxcastek June 30 1852.
Capt. John Grumbles
Dear Sir I have polished two small specimens of marble from Texas
for Col. John Slaughter which has pleased me so much that I am quite
anxious to know full particulars in relation to the quarry the quantity
size of blocks that can be obtained and situation of the marble and oth-
er information which you may deem of interest. The specimens are the
finest material I have ever sepn and works superior to the Italian marble
and takes the gloss quicker and higher.
Col. Slaughter has said he would have a block sent fp me for the pur-
pose of making an ornamental piece of work which I would be pleased
to receive. Should you send a piece for the above purpose I will give
the size that I think would be suitable to work into something which
would bo att raelive say two feet six inches long one foot six inches wide
and one foot six inohos thick.
Hoping'that the quarry may be productive to those interested
I am very truly your ob't seHt
CHARLES H. HOWELL.
JUDGE EVANS. We cull the following paragraph from the last Mar-
shal Republican. It will be seen that the judge has not declined butri3
making preparations to canvass his portion of the State :
We are requestetl to state that in consequence of an accident Judge
Evans recently received he would gladly nave resigned his position as the
democratic elector for the State at large assigned him by the Austin
convention if that body had provided a mode by which vacancies might
be supplied. But as the convention made no such provision and inas-
much as the democratic nominations are such as he can cordially support
he will start in eight or ten days to canvass such portions of the State as
he may be able to visit between that time and the commencement of his
courts in September next.
EDMUND BURKE we think it was who said '' every man had his
price." We should like our cot emporary of the South Western American
to bear that in mind. We know not whether the jewelry we spoke of was
intended as a bribe for the value was not much ; we merely said General
Hamilton had been making himself and the interests he represented
agreeable by presents of jewelry. Well we do not care about going in to
prove it as we only gave it as a rumor; but several members came to
supper one evening showing rings on their fingers and pocket knives
which were understood to have been presented to them as stated. Indeed
a ring was shown us a few days ago which had been given by an officer
of the Senate to the gentleman hose finger we saw it on and who told
us it was a gift to the officer either by Gen. H. or Mr. Whitney andwas
similar to the rings shown by the members. There is no occasion to get
"huffed" about it that we know of; nor do we know these presents.Thad
the least influence : all we want is for our legislators to be on their guard
as they may rest assured "there's a chiel amang 'em takin' notes and
faith he'll prent 'em." Perhaps the editor of the American knew nothing
of the big dinner given at Christmas to the members by Gen. Hunt
while his claim was pending. Such was the case however; though tvtj
are proud to say it had no influence as the General's claim was not
allowed although he had " stumped" the State iu advocacy of it and in
many place' obtained opinions irom the people favorable thereto. We
are not of those who believe our legislators subject to the influences of
bribery any more than our cotemporary ; but as a faithful guard we do
not see the impropriety of alluding to such indirect attempts when we
hear of them. Item.
Sir Walter Raleigh was the person to whom the infamy of the above
quotation properly attaches though it has now got to be quite a'common
aphorism not at all to the credit of mankind.
Perhaps our friend of the Item is net aware of the danger there is in
giving currency to "idle rumors.'
With reference to the entertainment given by Gen. Hunt all parties
agree it was decidedly a handsome thing "well got "up;" and we con-
sider that the General ought to have given one in every town he visited.
The members of the Legislature including all that voted against the Ge-
neral's claim invariably treated him with kindness and consideration ; and
it was only a little exuberance of the hospitable and social feelings for
which Gen. Hunt has always been famed.
With regard to Gen. Hamilton we positively believe he is the last man
to which the rumor could attach: he is too cuch of a gentleman o resort
to base means to achieve his views.
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de Cordova, P. South-Western American (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 4, No. 4, Ed. 1, Wednesday, August 4, 1852, newspaper, August 4, 1852; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth79734/m1/2/?rotate=180: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.