The Graham Leader (Graham, Tex.), Vol. 12, No. 17, Ed. 1 Thursday, December 8, 1887 Page: 2 of 8
This newspaper is part of the collection entitled: Graham Area Newspaper Collection and was provided to The Portal to Texas History by the The Library of Graham.
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The Graham Leader. |
/. W. GUAVB9.
(a Which Officer* hi the Tenitogr Kill
Ob* of ;| Oang of Lawbreakers
and Capture Three. ,
Euvala, J., T., Not. 20.—Deputy
'"■y-
*■'..
The American Workman.
•" Tke tiling moat to»be desired U that
tbe working classes shall be so alert,
active end aggressive in pursuing theii
economic interests, that the full pres-
sure of that competition which fs es-
sential to the Mil conduct of trade and
production may be 'applied to then
steadily and unremittingly, without ailj
danger of their sustaining injury there-
from. ‘*
This oertainly was the ease in iht-
aarly days *f the republic; this was tb<
case, without qualitication, until a re-
panlrlata, so great was the nobility o!
the laboring population, so high theii
intelligence, so frugaltheirbabits.se
enterprising, alert and industrially am-
bitions, was .the rising generation, "Hi
*~<W4e the margin?of living afforded by
i’.-
located near the South Canadian a
srang of hors* thieves and whisky ped-
llers. In ^attempting to arrest them
they had a lively scrimmage. In which
9M of the thieves, named 1’om Wat-
ion, was killed. George Paine, Rock
Knox and Jim Holden were captmed.
One of the worst of the gang. Bud
Scales, at last reports Was surrounded
in a cabin apd . will fcfU^Wtfed oricap-
tured. ~ *■ '--•s--'-—
wealth, charities, prodigious physics
strength and a gigantic frame. Hi-,
built the Methodist chnrch at Bruce
villa' ' Bqsi^eu a^ vast estate in Tcxai
h* owned orange orchartls .in Florid)
valued at WO,000.
W th. 3**-. I. A*.
f settlcm-nt of the cmi titrv dr to (worst ddemma. Tiro extraordinary-
tv?r
.the favorable conditions of a new coun-
try. so r.-latfvelv wi-uk. then, was capl-
case,
' Totter K8TTr«raYffiT'7jr the country or w
the large acoiunnjatiwn of cupital dur-
ing the pest twetity-tivu years, but to
the m trod net i on of vaakirumberil* el
- persons not Ixfrn on our #oil or bred
under our laws, having lowpr standainli:
Of work and lower aoeial\ambiUons,
with leas, at once, of general intelli*
l geuce and of technical skill, often im-
provident and not infrequently intem-
perate in their habits, generally un-
trained in the responsibilities of civi-
llfe, and unaccustomed to the commu-
nication qf thoilglit upon subjects oi
general concern. Certainly, if the chil-
aren atid gVandi'hildrcn of oUr popula-
tion df tjiirty* voar* ago were alone coo-
* earned, it Wotdd still be true that the
working classes of this country had n6*
occasion to ask favors 5b production
„ and jtrado, or seek to escape the utmost
pressure of iiHfustrial com|>etition. The
work men'of those days were abundant-
UNPARALELLED BLOCKADE.
N<jrer in the history of overland
travel, aays the Globe-Democrat, has
there bee* such a‘blockade of frctgbt
on all lines as at present. Tfhe Central
Pacific Js, J;wo weeks behind time in
freight shipments. The Southern. Pa-
ertie-hn* tolly one month's freighted*
tracked at various points, owing to dis-
astrous wasbowte.iuy Ar-zona and New
VICTORIA NOJES.
Victoria, Tex., Nov. 30.—Twenty
tive cars of stock were shipped ht-rt
Sunday, and Monday, and more wil’
follow each day this week if the nec-
essary cars can bo obtained. These
are the first sblplhents made from here
since the Houston strike was inaugu
rated, vSTW course Stockmen are is
a much better humor tlinn for sever*,
days past.
' Judge Pleasants' has returned from
-Onero and though -tt+11 «pH*e- unwell.
ly able to lake due of themselves; and
k, tno workmen ofto-day woufii be not
-V
tftas so, if tlu-y all came out of that pa-
tlent, "watchful," resolute sagacious,
self-mastered strain. v\‘ V
.1 confess I have little respect for the
objection which is often interposed to
*worktng-da»s« s. ”
the uau of the term # ......
Every now and then some''’ lawf«t*' or
rofessor or tlltorjjhfortn^ the * public
.that lie works twelve Or fifteen hours a
dij himself; that he Is just as much a
Wdfking.-juan as any carpenter -or cot-
ton-spinner; that we are ail working-
men together; and tint the usx ^of this
term, id Application tu a section of the
communit/, -is both cl\ molDgicallv
..I..-
■ *» >&■.
P-hM
,.r;5V
wroug^And economically misleading,
ndeed. I know one highly intelligent
jfentUrmnn who sincerely believe* that
.lie <5o tree lion of jutt popular spcQch .-.In
Abie regard will neat ly, if not quite,-^a.
move allow iabOr troubles and restore
-industrial peace’.
Now, 1 cajyiot take this view of the
ar8 a few familiar phrases whose pur-
port is j.nt larger, or Smajlar, or In
some way different from the logienl
significance of the. words -tompqain«
them. If brought together for tho ■ first
li.n5.e-. The terftt working-classes i»
auffioiently TlesCrTpf ve Tor iTTe uae~Tc
which it is put In dIsCU-<HjWG.Jreffard;
rush of people to Southern California
has completely paralyzed this liucw It
is using every locomotive to transport
passengers, and freight is thus laid up
all along this lino. The situation ber
came so bad in Dos Angeles that a
meeting of the Board of Trade was
held this week-to call the attention of
the railroad to the great injustice done
to shippers- As a rule it requires three
days at Kansas City before accommo-
dations can be secured by those who
buy tickets theraw*’
A SMELTING WORKS STRIKE.
’TEik Paso, Tex., Nov. 3^.—Serious
trouble was feared Monda$ at tbe Ej
I’dso Smelting works, two miles above
the citC At noon about twenty-five
Americans and eighty Mexicans. eom-
prising the day shift, struck for higher
wages, threatening to arm themselves
and pi event Che mulls from running if
their demands were not granted. Four
deputy sheriffs and the city marshal
wont to the scene of the prospective,
war, and after tbe d.soliargo-tut. the
American ringleadors ot the strike
most of the strikers resumed Work. At
3 p. m. two Mexicans Ware?Afreafod.
Tbe strikers were given to understand!
that any violence Would be met with
Winchesters aud six-shooters.* All is^
au i et.
4
*»
MISSOURI PACIFIC EXTENSION
The rumorfed intention of the Mis-,
louri Pacific interest to build a lino t6
Lgo, seems now to be made certain by
be announcement of Uu> uicurpoy^tiouy
w .York of the %alt* Lake, Los
n New ,Xork of ttie Salt Lake,
Vngeles and San Potfro raijlway com
3any;~wtthJny-ttotnd~|gtnTTg(t~»r~ TBff
eadtng "lncorpdrstar. ^Surveys *haye
ing the organisation ~ot indilstrW and }tH,n in-progress for a lino from Salt*
f.' C,w llmjujh (. -pm- 111
.* '» «rra 'lar<re and iBanortadt bodies oL.pro-
S7 > ducexsjvho are cl early enough pointed
dtteQkOirn ........ .. . ____________
-j^i out there tit. and who well enough un-
-4*rstand themselves to tie meant, “ft
Is not,an offensive appeHatitm, for ii
Is self-imposed. It is not an inexact ex1
preaaioni f.*r no one M intended.Jw it UMi» ia ■S^2£iSii<UUl fhlUe^Mevied
would deoia himself, ur be doomed b) lor Jim Could line.^ Tim length fil the
others to lie incluiled.— lieu,
in Scribner's.
Walker,
Translation from Liilaud.
.Mi- J<mramrr»aTu » d'i- r
The group of lithe trees y4iklerrt
5 Together, hand tn hand.'.
akl. —- 1. ■ . .
1rcr
&
Kot e’en a leaf stirred lightly—
The suit was .*hlui«<j brightly'
« ^ ihausiteot land. * -
We sat In joy unbroken,
1 - l No useless word was s{K>Ucn,
jfe.- • b<**rU M-a4W l^oiUug «*ors.
“ Wa epoku not, tor why aUoald we!
Kor qiwsShwiotl, for itow cott'd'wel
We knew cuotivb before.
~3rc tjbako Mottntams into White Pmo
:ounly, Nevada, thefico crossing the
?an'Fernindo Mayrrtnins to San Btrr-
aardlno anil/ on to Los Angeles, and
road would be abulft Iw'J
|
'miles.
AN It
s v Greenville gleanings
f;uv.Raivau.E. .Tef^ Nov. 30. The
We bad no wish, no »orrow-r-
stockimlders of the Farmers’4'AHinnce
pvd^bsed roHcrfnHis ji^Monday even-
ing in thff courthouse in secret sdssi&fi :
Several attempts of tbe correspondent
to learn wimt was said or daue have
been futile. Th* meeting was one of
representative men of Hunt Conntj.And
it is safa to say that the Allfance will
soon make a move toward the work of
m
■r
MO JCirnliVPf ^nr
No iorvd pne fin- swat;
yTwtxt lo\ ing eyes a gi eeUng,
’Twlxt lovinir lips a ineetlug,
W’aa all that passed that day.
- —Ttm/U? Bar.
>>
End of a Hootu.
First Easterner—I guess you remem-
ber raew W* met in Los Angel os.
A SeftOnd Easterner-- ! remember you
3. ' perfectly. You «# the g«*nl »»g*l
,”*■* who sold mo a corner lot on which I
■Mb made a small fortune. I sold that, lot
for |60,0()0. You know l only paid
you.$30.fXk) for R> -
. ‘•Tee, and as you diif so tfAll, I don’t
mind confessing that nearly all tipxt
$30,000 was clear profit. I bought that
lot for $20a By tbe way. what bo
Cane of tbe man you sold to?'’
,‘Tha last I heard of him he was in
ST
t. .
Ihealmsbonse
Little Misapprehension—Mis Detv-
••Don’t you think Mr. Bdscbosh
•• “r"
building tbe mill. The people of.tireen-.
v ile as well as the entiTe
lend their aid and patronage toward
its, success
--A remarkable accident took place'
here. A horse belonging to Whit, Ter-
rell became frightened and began Ir.clr-
Irt’g at ffpovt bijni1 by, stiiking f*.•son
up arrested Monday by Sheriff B U
Harris, the-authority being a telegram
from Sheriff Lesri* of Dallas county
He will be sent to Dallas Immediately.
Col. James W. Burrell of Brucevil e,
•.“diml MtmatYlUIlIll !
ing, aged 76. He was remarkable foi
was able to convene court. Tho cast
.of Duval Wrhite. brought from FdnA
is set for trials W'ednesday. W'hiu
kllterl a negro, and was tried here aT
the spring term of court, but th’e ‘jury
failed to agree. Since tfcCn he ha>
been out on bond. —-" —1--
NOTES FROM BURNET.
Bcbnet, > Tex., ^Jpv. ‘ 30.—In thy
County court now in session^ eleven
criminal %aseg have boen disjxised 01
with fotir Convict'ons, thrpe continual
ces and four discharged.
IJc machfnery in Holloway’s Bleu0)
tannery'at Marble Falls has been trim!
and found all right. Tho first lot, 01
hides will bo put in the vats this week,
and tho leather, ready for market,, srih
lie turned out in from thirty tc^forty
days.* .. ■ - r 4 •;
From certain movements made by
the Austin and Northwestern Railroad
■ahtt the officers of the
management
oflicefs'of the Santa FV. it is thoughr
quite probable that the Santa Fe w’Hl
get control of the former road and op
crate the branch now building to Mar-
ble Falls. *
bAN ANTONIO SIFTINGS. • t
San Antonio, Tox./N6V. 30.—Hon
%VhHfield,. Scott, member of tbi
Flightc»nth Legislature and prominetjt
ly known over the State, died at Kerr-
riHe Sunday^ . .
Attorney General Hogg is here in-at-
tendauee on the Federah court in ar
extradition case.
theft4o—Wilson eounty, - was arrested
here Monday, ^
Albert lteiner, another alleged Sun-
dag-law /iQlator. wp placed on trial
Mortrfuy- The result wiys another mis
trial. It is thought the justice^ will
A amiss the remaining casrfs -aftex ap-
oChW uusueeessfuFtrial bi1 t<vo. /
.....XORSICANA CDLCINGS: 1
CpitsreAKAV ;Tex., Nov. 30.—T-rsiof
of immigrant wagons hail frorn^tht.
west every day en roiitp, to the eastern
portion trf the State.
Extensive improvements will be crom
menend al bhec by tHc Navarro F.-tir
Association preparatory to Christmas
w.',-;7> r.u The subscription list
started by Mcssm, .Lee, rally. Milton
and otpers.is meeting wdh success, snd
the general opinion prevails that som'6
hokyYpnr«*t»s will be offered to part;c*
Who miter last trailing horses.
•TEAMOUt THAN FICTION.
Vmm FWpu*d far Bartel Rfam
Wm th* Coffin and Shortly After-
- ward Give* Birth to • Child.
OilHinf;1 UL,’ Dec. I.—Sunday
HON. BARNBTT GIBBS AND THR
morning Mra AbI*, wife of a farmer
living a short distance south of this
place, died, to all appearances The
funeral was arranged tor. and the body
placed in the coffin and prepared for
burial. The sorrow-stricken relatives
bad assembled in the house, when Mrs.
Able'suddenly returned to conscious-
ness and sat up in the coffin. On real-
izing her surroundings she fainted
avjay, and while unoonscious was car-
ried to a bed. A doctor was sent for,
and shortly afterward Mrs. Able cave
birth to a raalo child. She and S*
baby are both doing well, but tbe
not yet recovered from-the exoitement
•incident to. the affair.
k--.........MtM N*»*. —.....,A»*-
Dai.lxs, Nov. , 9.-—I se*~ that the
Galveston N*ws, the St Louis Repub-
lican and other democratic papers, in
commenting on my declaration in favor
of abolishing the entire internal rtvo *
due system, claim that by this declara-
tion I forfeit my democracy. In the
same Interview I asserted my belief in
‘•A tariff for revenue only,” but con-
tended that -the two questions should
be considered seperately. I think that
It'll ihe duty of any democratic journal
maintaining that opposition-to the.abo- '
lition of the internal revenue system
js undemocratic to answer the fol
»4,,
CORSICANA CULLINGS.
CUMK AHA. lei,, Jf>£C- l
weather during the part few days has
delayed t^ue cbmplcKou of several bus-
iness houivs nud dwellings which ate
now being built.""They witi bo com*
pletcd as soon as the weather will ad-
mlL and^the appearance of the city
will be gr*allr improved!
Mr. Patworth has been employed by
.the committee on loqjp.ion of the Or-
p'hah, Asyjum grounds to-plant out Rn
orchard of twenty acres. Other Im-
provements will be' Wade on the.
grounds at the earliest period and work
pushed to completion.
The street radWay, company ia mik-
ing preparat on for . the extension of
the line two blocks farther west, and
as soon as possible tbe line will -be ex-
tended toother prominent points of the
city.
- The City Council mat Monday night
and acceptod.the City Hull, upon tho
report of the sunyprinteadent #T^eoa-
structiuu that it was eoiupFelrr* exoept
in minor details, accoriiing'TO conlraet.-
The C^ouncil reserved $5Wiq| the con-
tract price to insure the i^omplelion of
nal revenue system dev sed' and in
augurated by the repubiioun party ?
Has it not boon perpetuated by the re-
publican party? Has any national dem-
- ---ftT
ocratic conventlbh'iAVer nilTor.-ied
If not. how can it be undemocratic to
jfliror its abolition? Don’t the records
of the courts show that it has been in
the hands of Xhe republican part^v A
great eugineAoV tlfe oppre*IH|lti tOf the
people of the south? Was there ever
devised a system of taxation which in-
volved more cKpiouagn op would be
used more advantageously to|rex and
hari(s8 the private .^citizen? N^lavly alp
i|S - ■ ■ ■ •-11
yoitr congressmen ambSeUatoA favor
tfikiug it off of tobacco. Would this'
not leave .the system and officials? The
annual revenue of $64,000,000 from
this source is not needed and constL
tutea only a portion of the annual sur- ___
plus income, and. why. not relieve tho
people of those necessary officials and
and this undemocratic system, now ,-
th§t, an opportuqity presents itsolf?
THE CRV IN FAVOR __,
oi^lakutg ‘*tiie t»x *>fV of biaekets and
- 1
» •--*# «...
, •. , X . >. Aw
4_
leaving it op -whisky” would stand in-
:Z ^
the minor details referred to. It is in .anti home distilled liquors. Tf a fxmi 1 y
every respect a handsome building,
hiving c<5st about $20,000. Tho archi-
tect pronounced the hrlck-*ffig)k unwett
ally good.
Monday evening about 6:80 o'clock
Birt son 6f Mr. M. M. Hatton, about
.12 years of age. was running across
Beaton street when ho was struck hgr
the toirgue of a passing wagon driven
, by two country youths. He was badly
.daiMS. .Elkins, charged _w.ith horsf gruised, Ibe-team stepping on bis lMxly
several timoa and the wagon wheel
passing across his stomach, extin-
guishing breath for a few minutes.
CATTLE NOTE?.
Cisco. Tcx-, $Bfii**C»pt,
GvW.
Pierce, a prominent stockman o,f this
county, was seen by a correspondent
■Ti.r: 1
tions in regariTfo~IBFstbc'k in teTeslT TIf
Kastiand counliy, Safrt$ii%t'1n<1
for 3 aud -l-yeay-olds is very, great, .and
most nlFof that age in this county have
been sold nt- prices ranging from $UP
.to $17. Those wh* did not sell have
driven off to be fed. Several thousand
dollars have-been paid out during the
pant .two wenka(iur cattlo. Nokiihich
The l rAjjoH have- all beea I ate during
the rat us and no little compl*&l L
heard over the irregularity of the mail.
•aa.-..--
saleiyfor st^ck 'feattld antF the^ wili be
loft on the rango, .whiqh. is. splendid
and will carry the stork through all
right unless there be an unusually hard
. WnlOT ia plnntifnl :li)H grass
was neyor better at this time of the
ypiw?-''‘tie said tefap ut<*<di into—sfcat
A PENITENT WlFE^
Tex vukan v-. -Tcx., Nov. 80. Tlx
wife uiui (omul, why mn away with
liian.,leaving her hiwba^LnijM thrc«-
small children, about two months ag j,
returned Sunday
Kastiand eounty Was lietter to-day -than
for sftvitral years past. r
tli<4 weather is pleasant ngaip ..
v 'LONOV1EW LOCALS
LoNOViKtt'.^rev., Dec. l.r-Tbe Mar-
telligeut discussion.
n • -1 . j.**» — ,,
Tbe poorerJ class of people are
largely tho consumers of tobacco
•ILL
confines it nsn liquor to mediciqal
purposes only,—they will pay more tax
to the gavefnmepV ia'oho year on this
articlo than they would pay on blankets
in ten years. Even when the revenue
from tbe internal system was needed,
1 didn't as -a Democrat believe in it,
and ean’t recall to mind any Demo-
onttoreed^t
Whatever tax is raised from liquor and
tnhaceo hail heat bn imposed Jiy .state
guj counties wbort tho revenue i$ .
needed, and where the license system of
<5ollection is not so oppressive or com-
pljcM.ed__Ikwot
,.za
for the citizen that he didn’t use either* “
liquor or tobacco,,bubif he does use it, k
cyitainly it will be better f6r him mor-
ally, physically and politically to gej^
prqstriPt.V that no discrimioatkm b*
made against thorn.
It this tax on liqup^, and.ftobacco t»"
right aud proper, even then, it fs better
to abolish tho internal revenuo system
Sbd let the sixty million dollars per an-
num go into state hud county, treas-
uries, wherfi it can be used" to advau
trrgr*: If a iuai,. tttdtn'a. jjsfiwwst. must
- -
..... -4
tavor tho perpetuation of the Internal
revenue system, in whole or in part,
the.nuWspapers holding this opinion,
certainjy should show some democratic
y. ... -ef
mi
authority tox.1^ 1 atu quite sure that,
as matters bowv»MAhff- n majority of
the d'eniacr.-it'c volAFs of 1 ex as bhllevo ' "
that tho Internal revenue system is un-
democratic an<l unnecessary, and favor
reived th* Recreant wife with open
------SOTfcWf focgaVe h*r nhfalth-
ti». (Jreck-jcoal lifts’ beeu burned in the
KlagufittrrTrnb-i urSW^Yrf■’Vf*V,eYin pi'IVillF
its total nbontibn. Xiuiy arO Tead IWIl
rx-jj liy ihe pia-ty. lfcmnat .. be dtruo by duo
process'of law with cd1
TO THE HISTORlf.. r:;.i.......
tradition- and platform of Mtej,party.
th
v- ■
'
———
wauam.
fulness.
houses the piUt week nnd its value as
a.good fuel InUy denioastrated
01 uie swipius qi
ury midMho objections to the internal
revenue system in itself. It is safe to
are indignant 'Th*. telephone polos weye lowered ^ilv thiiC a-^-Kuto io perpi tuut* it itt -
at him. and he "was driven from the Monday and {his e£p*»nriv« «>xppr':u)cnt
terrific blows. When he became quiet
|t. was discovered; that hdliud kicxud
one of his bind feet entirely off. * Mr.
Terrell had recently been offered $!/><)
for the animsl and refused Jt. The
horse had to l>e-shot. 1 .. •
CENTRAL CITY CULL1NG8.
Waco,Tex. Nov. -30. Tom Jones, wfepm
Deputy United Slates Marshal Bon Cab-,
*11 brought here from^Grahap City,
hr tho Flatoni* train robbery,
dieted by tbe Federal, grand jury tor
farm upon winch he hu t btfiP engaged i.Lj ot an.end for Ismgvicw. "A d sagreo
tn iqakc a cron by tho oWucr-PNevcr, jabln episode glow out of the work.
theless he expresses hifaself as perfeet-
ly haj>py over th*^prodigal’s return,
and says hedoys uot care what^otLflr
people may say or thiqk about the
matter.
——-*—-— ......... ■
SUDDEN * DEATH.
CI.XBL-RNE, i’ex., Nov, 80.—Ayonng
lady. Miss liewis. whilo .shopping on
Monday, in a-millinery store, suddenly
fail dead . The s*d occurrence took
placo in the evening about 4 o’clock.
some residents of the countjvanJitheir..
work had bcrr.i inteitap^d by Aim (fe-
rn and of Ciiy Collector lAtcrid for an .oc-
cupation tax for riiuhlag tjraguus for
hfro on “tho public streets. Alter much
wrangling Ebro tokticr was twuipro- Ifog^and oiTpreHS 'vc piviticnl fnaebtuety,
j boIleVl^ *o j ^ ^ 0^ 0,.raoh„t«. ,e» f”
was in- <**©*«d had been receiving medical
attention. She believed herself safe,
and while shopping sent for her pky
nolenUy)—** How
28, last. i JL ' I
J P (lodge, agent fot a patent fence, I
i Sudan,
[deify
The contract
place of storwgiT'
jo haul the poles fo a
,gu !vhd B'.i-Im^akeU' by
wbotq or ip part wd 1 mil rccciv* tho
approval of 'a majority of the demo- -
cruts in nny district in Texas. Kyory
dtstiileV «dJi.<’|itor nhd' ihamrfaotnrer ot
t
W tobacco favoN the internal revenue,
iiut.ihe producer and consumer will
be found naturally HgT Ust it ou ece*
nonre principles, while th* miu-scs
who are neither, producers npr < ousum«
era are opjioscd “to it as a piece of usc-
.W
mifed“by paying the license for one
wagon. -*
Ice nearly an inch thick was formed
ju^ilTcd only os u war measure.
U "there is a platform that denies me
the right as a d«m jerat to, hold theio
and perhaps I will recant. ,
w Respectfully, Barnett Gibbs.
to 28 degrees.
Thoso l.mgviewilcis who attariicd
th* Doris A Colvin ,Circus at Mineola
While t«Iking to him su'sid ffut acaga of lions aoA* chariot.1 Sat
trday night th* circus oompany sail ,.
>gni Ur» »<> pay off Ml otetMi, h$tf«ka Mh> wlsho«t **y
‘'wVdiM- ‘ * iS-i , Vi- ' ,
John Strawn, a cattle man, commit-
ted suicide near Johnson’s
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The Graham Leader (Graham, Tex.), Vol. 12, No. 17, Ed. 1 Thursday, December 8, 1887, newspaper, December 8, 1887; Graham, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth886837/m1/2/?rotate=90: accessed April 26, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Library of Graham.